<p><strong>🎤Jessica Whitehouse</strong></p><p><strong>Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are disinfection byproducts formed when chlorine or bromine reacts with organic matter in water—and some are linked to serious health concerns. In this episode of Concentrating on Chromatography, we sit down with Jessica Whitehouse, MSc student at the University of Calgary, to discuss how she developed a GC-MS method to detect and quantify HAAs in real-world water samples.</strong></p><p>During her undergraduate research at Thompson Rivers University, Jessica tackled a major challenge faced by many academic labs: how to analyze regulated environmental contaminants without access to GC-ECD instrumentation. &nbsp;Using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, derivatization, and GC-MS, she built a faster, more accessible workflow—and applied it to tap water, swimming pools, and hot tubs.</p><h4><strong>In this conversation, we cover:</strong></h4><ul><li>What haloacetic acids are and why they matter</li><li>Why standard EPA methods can be difficult for smaller or teaching-focused labs</li><li>How GC-MS can be adapted for HAA analysis</li><li>The challenges of derivatization and temperature program optimization</li><li>Unexpected findings in brominated vs. chlorinated HAAs</li><li>Why pool and hot tub water can show surprisingly high HAA levels</li><li>The excitement (and frustration) of first-time method development</li><li>Advice for undergraduate and early-career analytical chemists</li></ul><p>Jessica also shares how this project led directly to her current MSc research on ozone and nanobubble water disinfection, where she’s now expanding into ion chromatography.</p><p>Whether you work in environmental analysis, chromatography, GC-MS, or are just starting your journey in analytical chemistry, this episode offers practical insight into real lab constraints, method development, and the joy of finding your first analyte peak.</p><h3><strong>Video Transcription</strong></h3><h4><span><strong>Introduction</strong></span></h4><p>Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are an important class of disinfectant byproducts formed when organic matter present in water reacts with chemical sanitizers. Because several HAAs are associated with adverse health effects, their determination remains relevant in environmental and public health analysis. This interview highlights the academic pathway and research experience of Jessica, whose undergraduate work focused on the development of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the analysis of HAAs in pool and hot tub water.</p><p>Her project emerged from a combination of academic interest in analytical chemistry, practical experience with water testing, and the constraints of instrument availability in an undergraduate research setting. The resulting workflow illustrates how method adaptation, critical problem-solving, and persistence can enable meaningful analytical research even when standardized methods are not directly accessible.</p><h4><span><strong>Academic Background and Entry into Analytical Chemistry</strong></span></h4><p>Jessica completed a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry with a minor in Physics at Thompson Rivers University in British Columbia. Her interest in analytical chemistry developed during her second year of study, when coursework revealed the quantitative and detail-oriented nature of the discipline. This emphasis on numerical interpretation, precision, and method development aligned strongly with her academic strengths and motivated her to pursue analytical research.</p><p>Her specific interest in water chemistry originated even earlier through practical work in a pool and hot tub store, where she became familiar with routine water testing and the chemical factors influencing water quality. This early exposure led naturally into undergraduate research under the supervision of Dr. Sharon Brewer, whose expertise in water analysis provided an ideal foundation for the project.</p><h4><span><strong>Haloacetic Acids as Disinfectant Byproducts</strong></span></h4><p>Haloacetic acids are a subset of disinfectant byproducts generated when sanitizing agents react with natural organic matter in water. In treated recreational water systems such as pools and hot tubs, disinfectants are essential for microbial control, yet they can also lead to formation of unwanted chemical byproducts. Because some HAAs are considered potentially harmful, their occurrence and concentration warrant analytical attention.</p><p>In this study, both chlorinated and brominated HAAs were of interest. Although the tested water systems were primarily sanitized using chlorine-based products, the occurrence of brominated HAAs emerged as a notable and somewhat unexpected finding.</p><h4><span><strong>Analytical Challenges and Method Selection</strong></span></h4><p>A major challenge in the project was the lack of access to the instrumentation required for the standard EPA-based method initially considered for HAA analysis. The available protocol depended on GC-ECD instrumentation, which was not accessible at the university. This limitation required the development of an alternative strategy based on the instruments available locally.</p><p>GC-MS was selected as the most practical analytical platform. To support this approach, Jessica identified a literature source describing a similar method that could be adapted to her research aims. In parallel, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was introduced into the workflow as a means of sample preparation, providing valuable methodological experience beyond the standard undergraduate laboratory curriculum.</p><p>This adaptation illustrates a common reality in academic research: analytical methodology is often shaped not only by ideal regulatory procedures, but also by local instrument access, scheduling limitations, and the practical needs of the researcher.</p><h4><span><strong>Need for Derivatization in GC-MS Analysis</strong></span></h4><p>A central analytical issue was that HAAs are inherently nonvolatile, which makes them poorly suited to direct GC analysis. To enable gas chromatographic separation, derivatization was required to convert the analytes into more volatile derivatives with more favorable boiling characteristics.</p><p>In this method, derivatization with octanol was employed. This modification improved volatility and also generated larger fragments, which aided mass spectral interpretation by making the analyte fragmentation patterns easier to distinguish. Thus, derivatization served both chromatographic and mass spectrometric purposes.</p><h4><span><strong>Optimization of the GC Temperature Program</strong></span></h4><p>Considerable effort was devoted to optimization of the GC temperature program. The main difficulty did not arise solely from the analytes themselves, but from the derivatization reagent. Octanol produced a broad and persistent chromatographic feature, including a significant shoulder extending into later retention times. This complicated separation and increased pressure to keep the method sufficiently short for routine sample throughput.</p><p>Among the analytes, monochloroacetic acid proved especially problematic. Because it differed only subtly in structure and produced overlapping behavior relative to the octanol-derived background, its signal was difficult to isolate confidently. Although chlorine-containing fragments could be observed, precise assignment remained challenging. This difficulty underscores how small structural differences and matrix-related interferences can complicate quantitative GC-MS workflows.</p><h4><span><strong>Method Performance and Practical Advantages</strong></span></h4><p>Although the adapted GC-MS method was developed out of necessity, it also provided practical advantages over the more standardized workflow that had initially been considered. In particular, the derivatization step in the adapted approach required only approximately 10 minutes, whereas the more conventional procedure involved a water bath step lasting around two hours. In addition, the adapted workflow offered shorter overall preparation and analysis timing, allowing batches of samples to be prepared and placed on the autosampler within a normal working schedule.</p><p>From a practical research perspective, this translated into substantially improved laboratory efficiency. The ability to complete derivatization quickly and begin automated sample analysis without extensive delays made the workflow more manageable and better suited to the demands of an undergraduate project.</p><h4><span><strong>Unexpected Findings: Brominated HAAs in Chlorine-Sanitized Systems</strong></span></h4><p>One of the more surprising outcomes of the study was the predominance of brominated HAAs, despite the fact that the investigated pools and hot tubs were sanitized using chlorine-based treatments. Four of the systems relied on sodium chloride electrolysis to generate chlorine species, while others used chlorine-containing puck formulations commonly applied in recreational water treatment.</p><p>Given these conditions, higher levels of chlorinated HAAs might have been expected. Instead, the results suggested a greater abundance of brominated HAAs. A plausible explanation is the presence of bromine-containing impurities in commercial pool and hot tub chemicals. Although such impurities may occur at relatively low levels, they can still influence disinfectant byproduct formation. The observation highlights the importance of considering the full chemical composition of treatment products, not merely their primary declared active ingredients.</p><h4><span><strong>Value of Practical Industry Experience</strong></span></h4><p>Jessica’s prior work in the pool and hot tub industry provided an unusually strong contextual advantage for the project. Because the samples originated from store clients, she had access to detailed information about the chemicals used in each system, including safety data sheets and knowledge of treatment timing. This background significantly strengthened interpretation of the analytical results by linking measured byproducts to known product usage patterns.</p><p>Such integration of practical field knowledge with laboratory analysis represents an important strength in applied environmental chemistry, particularly when studying real-world water systems rather than idealized laboratory samples.</p><h4><span><strong>Scientific Development and Early Research Motivation</strong></span></h4><p>An especially valuable element of the project was the role it played in building research confidence. Jessica described the first successful identification of an analyte peak as a memorable turning point, reflecting the emotional significance of early experimental success in scientific training. In analytical chemistry, where method optimization often involves repeated setbacks and ambiguous data, such moments can be critical in sustaining motivation and reinforcing scientific identity.</p><p>This experience also informed her advice to early-stage researchers: unfavorable or unexpected outcomes still constitute valid results. Negative or imperfect findings remain analytically meaningful and contribute to scientific understanding, provided they are interpreted carefully.</p><h4><span><strong>Connection to Current Research</strong></span></h4><p>Jessica is now working at the University of Calgary on a different project focused on ozone and nanobubble disinfection. Although the analytical platform and immediate research questions have changed, the conceptual connection to her earlier work remains clear. Her experience with disinfectant byproducts and water chemistry directly supported her transition into this new role and helped position her as a strong candidate for research in water treatment-related systems.</p><p>She also expressed interest in expanding her analytical expertise through ion chromatography, which will play a role in her current work. This transition reflects the broader development of an environmental analytical chemist whose work continues to center on water quality, disinfection chemistry, and the analytical tools needed to investigate both.</p><h4><span><strong>Public Health Relevance</strong></span></h4><p>A notable practical implication of the project concerns recreational water safety. Jessica emphasized that pool and hot tub water should not be ingested, a recommendation already widely understood in general terms but further reinforced by her findings. In at least one case, HAA concentrations were reported at levels far above the federal drinking water regulation threshold. While such regulations are designed for potable water rather than recreational water, the comparison nevertheless illustrates the extent to which disinfectant byproducts may accumulate in these environments.</p><p>She also noted that several HAAs are classified as probable human carcinogens, with prolonged exposure linked to serious health concerns. Although occasional accidental ingestion is not equivalent to chronic exposure, the findings reinforce the importance of appropriate hygiene, safe water maintenance practices, and awareness of chemical byproduct formation in recreational systems.</p><h4><span><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h4><p>This research demonstrates how meaningful analytical chemistry can emerge from a combination of scientific curiosity, practical constraints, and strong mentorship. By adapting a GC-MS workflow for the determination of haloacetic acids in pool and hot tub water, Jessica developed a method that was both workable within local instrument limitations and efficient enough to offer practical benefits over more conventional procedures.</p><p>Beyond the analytical results themselves, the project highlights several broader themes: the value of undergraduate research, the importance of flexibility in method development, the benefit of practical contextual knowledge, and the relevance of environmental analytical chemistry to real-world public health questions. It also shows how early research experiences can shape a long-term scientific trajectory, leading from undergraduate investigation to continued work in water chemistry and disinfection science.</p><blockquote><p><strong>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</strong></p></blockquote><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

Detecting Haloacetic Acids in Water with GC-MS

<p><strong>This study presents a one-year assessment of microplastic concentrations in the River Rhine, analyzing samples from three locations and across multiple size fractions using TED-GC/MS. Dominant polymers included polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, styrene–butadiene rubber, and natural rubber.</strong></p><p>Statistical analysis revealed size-dependent distributions, minor seasonal variation, and spatial differences, highlighting the role of sources such as tire abrasion. The findings provide valuable data for environmental monitoring, ecotoxicological research, and regulatory frameworks related to water quality.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530"><strong>One Year Observation of Microplastic Concentrations in the River Rhine</strong></a></h4><p>Yosri Wiesner, Paul Eisentraut, and Korinna Altmann*</p><p>ACS EST Water 2026, 6, 2, 639–648</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><p>As microplastics (MPs) are found all over the world and no comprehensive knowledge is available yet, extensive monitoring campaigns are required to gain a full understanding of their occurrence, transportation and fate. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> In particular, MP abundance in freshwater systems has still not been sufficiently investigated. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3,4)</a> Additionally, the question of the toxicological potential of MPs has been the subject of numerous studies for many years, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a> leading to more precise and complex experimental set-ups and results. However, there is still a need for more acurate data on environmental MP concentrations in order to make ecotoxicological tests even more detailed and realistic. The lack of certainty for exposure concentrations in the risk assessment frame of MPs leads to the precautionary principle being applied by politicians and regulators worldwide. Both the EU drinking water directive and the wastewater directive call for monitoring of MPs within the next few years. It is important to establish suitable analytical methods for sampling, sample preparation and detection that must now be fast, robust and fit for purpose in order to obtain representative and valid results depending on mass or particle number. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7−9)</a></p><p>MPs are solid particles with a size of 1–1000 μm mainly consisting of polymers (ISO/TR 21960, 2020) and can, for example, result from industrial production in the form of small particles that are designed as additives and change the properties of products, or from plastic parts that have been released into the environment. Major sources of MPs today are paints, tires, packaging materials, pellet waste and textiles. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10−12)</a> These macroplastic products can form MP particles as a result of degradation factors such as photooxidation, hydrolysis and mechanical abrasion. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13,14)</a></p><p>The River Rhine has its origin in Switzerland and then flows through Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany and France until it discharges into the North Sea in The Netherlands. At 1233 km and a catchment area of about 185&nbsp;000 km<sup>2</sup>, the Rhine is one of the largest river systems in Europe and, due to its expanse, forms the ecological basis for a large number of animal species. Around 30 million people in Germany are supplied with drinking water from the Rhine.</p><p>It is hardly possible to assess the occurrence of MPs if either a limited sampling volume is used or only individual samples are taken. It is therefore essential that different volumes are sampled depending on whether the water to be sampled contains many or few MP particles. It is recommended to sample at least 5 m<sup>3</sup> for drinking water samples and 1 m<sup>3</sup> for surface water, whereas raw wastewater contains so many particles that only a few liters need to be sampled. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> Although sampling of these water volumes leads to a representative sample from the analytic point of view, it is questionable, if the result measured is representative for the location. Previous studies have shown that the composition in terms of MP masses in a water body can change at one location with each individual sample independently whether several samples are analyzed in 1 day or spread over several days. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16)</a> Fractionated filtration and sedimentation boxes as active and passive sampling methods have proven themselves in the sampling of freshwater systems. In active sampling, water is fractionally filtered using a pump and a sieve tower with different mesh sizes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a> Passive sampling can be carried out using sedimentation boxes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a> In a sedimentation box, the flow velocity of the medium flowing through is reduced by using several baffle plates. Due to the reduced velocity and energy, particles up to a certain size are forced to sediment by the now predominant gravitational force. Such boxes can remain in the water for several weeks and therefore collect a cross-section of the suspended particles including MP over a certain period of time.</p><p>Mass and number-based methods have emerged as suitable detection methods for MPs. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> Number-based methods such as μ-Raman, μ-FTIR or LDIR are well advanced to evaluate the polymer identity, particle number concentration and shape, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20,21)</a> but are still time-consuming in terms of sample preparation. In regulatory approaches or for simulations, usually the MP mass is needed. MP polymer identity and masses can be detected by thermoanalytical methods like pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) or thermal extraction desorption-GC/MS (TED-GC/MS). Especially TED-GC/MS seems to be suitable for monitoring purses of suspended particulate matter, because there is no need for additional sample preparation others than filtration and homogenization. Up to 50 mg of suspended particulate matter can be directly measured in one run, giving representative subsamples for precise measurements exceeding the limit of quantification. Furthermore, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) as indication for tire wear can be detected in the same sample run next to thermoplastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyamide 6 or polyacrylates.</p><p>This work provides a comprehensive data set of MP concentrations of the River Rhine over one year sampling at three different locations starting near the source in Weil via Koblenz and Emmerich. Sampling was done with sedimentation boxes with monthly withdrawal and fractioned filtration of the collected particles afterward. The size fractions 10–50 μm, 50–100 μm and 100–500 μm were provided by the Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG, Germany) and analyzed at the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing (BAM, Germany) funded by a national project from the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV, Germany, 3719 22301 0). Detection was performed with TED-GC/MS in routine mode, proven as a fast and robust detection method. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,16,22)</a> Data can be used, for example, for water monitoring or as reference values for future risk assessment scenarios and experiments.</p><h4><strong>2. Materials and Methods</strong></h4><h5><strong>2.2. TED-GC/MS</strong></h5><p>TED-GC/MS is a multistage detection technique combining the thermal sample extraction by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with chromatographic separation of the individual decomposition gases and detection by trace analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sample material in 150 μL alumina crucibles was pyrolyzed in a <strong>TGA2 thermobalance</strong> (MettlerToledo, Gieβen, Germany) under a nitrogen flow of 30 mL/min from 200 to 500 °C with a heating rate of 10 K/min. Typical sample intake was between 10 to 50 mg depending on the organic content. The decomposition gases were collected on a solid phase (SorbStar, Envea, Vohenstrauβ, Germany) in the typical polymer decomposition temperature range between 200 and 500 °C via a heated coupling module (240 °C, Gerstel, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany). The loaded solid phase was transported to the thermodesorption unit (TDU)-GC/MS by an autosampler (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=8&amp;search=MultiPurposeSampler+2"><strong>MultiPurposeSampler 2</strong></a> (MPS2), Gerstel, Mühlheim an der Ruhr). The desorption of the decomposition products took place in the TDU (50–200 °C, 5 min isothermal, He gas, Gerstel), the cryofocusing in the cold injection system (−100 °C, Gerstel). Injection was carried out from there by rapid heating (−100–270 °C, 12 K/s) onto the separation column (HP5 ms, 1 mL/min He, 40–300 °C, Agilent, Palo Alto, USA) in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=7890B"><strong>GC system (7890 B Agilent)</strong></a>. After chromatographic separation, detection was performed in a mass spectrometer (EI, 70 eV, scan-mode, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=5977B"><strong>5977 B, Agilen</strong></a>t).</p><h4><strong>3. Results and Discussion</strong></h4><p>A summary of the identified polymer types and their corresponding mass concentrations per sampling location is provided in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530#fig1">Figure 1</a>. All individual results are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530/suppl_file/ew5c00530_si_001.pdf">Table S1</a> of the Supporting Information. With a few exceptions, the polymers PE, PP, PS, SBR and NR were detected. To cope with the large amount of measurement data and to obtain an overview of possible correlations, the data was evaluated using statistical and mathematical algorithms. Only the five polymers named above provide enough input data and are therefore used as the basis for the data analysis. The individual results were sorted according to various aspects that are included in the data set as independent variables:</p><p>(I)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Particle size fractions</p><p>(II)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Temporal variation</p><p>(III)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Spatial variation due to the sampling locations</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_1_Overview_of_sampling_locations_along_the_German_part_of_the_River_Rhine_and_sum_of_identified_median_mass_concentrations_fe570f51b5.jpg" alt="ACS EST Water 2026, 6, 2, 639–648: Figure 1. Overview of sampling locations along the German part of the River Rhine and sum of identified median mass concentrations." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_1_Overview_of_sampling_locations_along_the_German_part_of_the_River_Rhine_and_sum_of_identified_median_mass_concentrations_fe570f51b5.jpg 158w," sizes="100vw" width="1883" height="1860"></p><p>The concentrations of the various polymers in the suspended matter serve as input values. The riverine balancing and material transport based on the total masses (polymer mass in total suspended solids mass) is carried out explicitly and will be published at Umweltbundesamt as part of the project report by the BfG (Ternes, final project report, 2023).</p><h5><strong>3.1. Particle Size Fractions</strong></h5><p>This section describes the possible correlation of the polymer mass concentration with the size of the measured particles regardless of the sampling location. Therefore, the generated samples were sorted by sieving into different size fractions of 10–50, 50–100 and 100–500 μm. The relative mean values of the individual fractions are calculated (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530/suppl_file/ew5c00530_si_001.pdf">Figure S2</a>) to obtain the shares of the different polymer types in the total amount of MP. PE is the dominant polymer in all size fractions with 68–76%, followed by PS (10–15%), SBR (4–13%), PP (2–5%) and NR (2–4%). Obviously, all polymer types are approximately evenly distributed across the size fractions, with SBR being less present in the 100–500 μm fraction.</p><p>In general, it can be determined that PE accounts for the highest proportion of MP. PS makes up the second highest proportion, followed by SBR. Next in line are PP and NR. The polymer findings are in good agreement with previous MP studies of the Rhine. PE, PP and PS in particular are the most frequently detected polymers. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> The relative abundance of PE, PP and PS is also relatively similar to Skalska et al., even when the particle number was considered here. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(26)</a> Especially in comparison with the results of Mani et al. significant similarities to the ratios of PE, PP and PS can be found. Data on SBR from tire abrasion in the Rhine is difficult to find in existing studies, as such particles cannot easily be identified using vibrational methods due to the IR absorbing properties and the intense fluorescence of the accompanying soot. However, a comparison with suspended particulate matter samples from the Danube is possible, as here the detection was also carried out using TED-GC/MS. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> The relative ratios of PE, PP, PS, SBR and NR are comparable and support the plausibility of the results.</p><p>Total MP mass concentrations are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530/suppl_file/ew5c00530_si_001.pdf">Figure S3</a> for individual polymer types, showing highest mass concentrations in the size fraction 100–500 μm. The median varies from 0.17 to 6.80 μg/mg depending on the polymer type. In absolute terms, the PE mass concentrations are significantly higher than those of all other polymers. PP and PS show a strong mass increase in the 100–500 μm fraction, together with higher uncertainty compared to 10–50 μm and 50–100 μm. With a variation of 0.27–0.32 μg/mg across all particle size fractions, the mass contents of SBR are relatively constant, while NR mass concentration seems to increase more linearly. The high mass concentrations and the strong scattering of the 100–500 μm fractions could be due to the presence or absence of large but few particles. Basically, the larger a particle is, the higher its contribution to the mass concentration. In contrast, the larger a particle is, the lower the probability of an equal distribution in all samples.</p><p>If other regions associated with the Rhine are considered, comparable ratios of mass concentration in the various particle size fractions are found in Rhine floodplains. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(27)</a></p><p>At the beginning of the data analysis, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is carried out to identify parameters that have a high influence on the mass content. This analysis identified that the particle size has the greatest influence on the mass concentration (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530#fig2">Figure 2</a>). The first principal component (PC 1) was identified as the particle size fraction and explains over 50% of the differences in the data.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_2_PCA_Score_plot_of_mass_concentrations_of_the_different_polymers_be94ae16c4.jpg" alt="ACS EST Water 2026, 6, 2, 639–648: Figure 2. PCA Score plot of mass concentrations of the different polymers." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_2_PCA_Score_plot_of_mass_concentrations_of_the_different_polymers_be94ae16c4.jpg 184w," sizes="100vw" width="747" height="635"></p><h4><strong>4. Conclusion</strong></h4><p>This study demonstrated that long-term sampling of the Rhine is possible and provides plausible results, which is important for future MP monitoring campaigns, as required by the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive for the EU. Although the MP concentrations in the Rhine are relatively constant, seasonal and downstream differences were observed. In order to confirm these possible trends, further sampling campaigns are needed to identify possible differences on an annual scale. Furthermore, the influences of urban proximity and land use must be examined in greater detail by increasing the number of measuring points. Additional sample sites are needed to identify possible sources of input. This would be particularly important to clarify the PS concentrations, which show a high correlation between the different particle size fractions in almost all seasons and could indicate a possible common source. SBR is the only polymer to show a relatively constant concentration across all particle sizes and seasons, independent of the river course. Since it is a tire component, constant road traffic could be part of the explanation. However, a different particle ratio must be assumed here compared to the other polymers. The fragmentation mechanism and/or another transport mechanism needs to be clarified.</p><p>Although PE constitutes the majority of the total MP concentration, there may be an overestimation due to false positive signals. To exclude or confirm this, further studies must be conducted to analyze the organic components of the riverine suspended matter in detail.</p><p>A comparison with other studies reveals similar occurrences of the same polymer types and in parts also similar seasonal fluctuations and a slight downstream increase. The differentiated presentation of results in polymer type, particle size fraction and range of mass concentrations can provide a valuable basis for more complex and realistic exposure tests for ecotoxicological studies on freshwater organisms. In particular, the large database for SBR as a tire component could be of special interest, as the toxicity of tire particles due to their chemical composition has already been shown in other studies. In studies using FTIR-based detection methods, these values are usually missing due to the high absorbance of the black tire particles.</p></div>

One Year Observation of Microplastic Concentrations in the River Rhine

<p><strong>In the week of April 6, the following webinars await you in the field of gas / solid phase and especially Raman, FTIR, GC and GC/MS.</strong></p><blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinars"><strong>👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</strong></a></h4><p><strong>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database</strong> with over <strong>5 500 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars</strong>.</p></blockquote><div><div><div><div><div><div><h5><strong>1. Bruker: Advances in AFM for the Characterization of 2D Materials</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 8.4.2026 17:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6054">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Explore how AFM enables comprehensive nanoscale characterization of 2D materials. Learn about structural, electrical, and chemical mapping, AFM-IR, and nanomanipulation for device fabrication.</p><h5><strong>2. Agilent Technologies: Mastering Gas Sampling: Valve Fundamentals to ASTM Ready RGA &amp; TOGA Analysis</strong></h5><ul><li>Th, 9.4.2026 08:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6056">Registration</a></li></ul><p>In this session, learn how to achieve reliable permanent gas analysis, starting from proper valve selection and sampling fundamentals.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Webinars LabRulezGCMS Week 15/2026

Article

Webinars

Video

Scientists

Scientific article

Interview

Science and research

Everything from the world of analytical chemistry in one place. We connect people in solving their problems. At Labrulez you will find all the necessary information easily, quickly and clearly. Stop searching and start finding.

LabRulez

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

Organomation

Separation Science

Agilent Technologies

Technology Networks

GERSTEL

Phenomenex

Thermo Fisher Scientific

SelectScience

Waters Corporation

<p><strong>Has this happened to you?  All of your peaks were there yesterday and now suddenly today, your response for your peaks is much lower or your peaks have gone totally missing.</strong></p>
<p>Join us and we provide you with some insights and strategies on how to troubleshoot missing peaks.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Alex Ucci (Application Engineer, Agilent Technologies, Inc.)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>In his current position at Agilent, Alex provides application assistance and technical support for sample preparation products as well as GC and LC consumables. Before he joined Agilent in 2014, Alex was a graduate student at the Pennsylvania State University researching the morphology and surface properties of aerosol particles using a wide variety of analytical techniques. He has an MS degree in chemistry.</p>
</blockquote>


Lost and Found: Troubleshooting Missing Peaks in GC Analysis

<p><strong>Separation Science, in collaboration with Agilent, offers a follow-up webinar in the ever popular &#39;Ask the Agilent Experts&#39; series that will continue to discuss some of the most frequently asked questions about GC and GCMS.</strong></p>
<p>Following up from our very successful previous session and due to the overwhelming number of questions received and audience engagement, we are delighted to offer an additional webinar in the ever popular &#39;Ask the Agilent Experts&#39; series.</p>
<p>Have you ever had a question about your GC/GCMS analysis and thought, &quot;I have no idea what to do,&quot; or that because the question seemed so simple, everyone must already know the answer and &quot;I’m the only one who doesn’t know what to do.&quot; We can assure you that you are not alone.</p>
<p>If you have a question, we can guarantee that you are not the first... nor the last person to ask it. Sometimes the simplest of questions can have the most complex answers. A question about source maintenance can further a discussion about having quality control criteria, front end GC maintenance and how to use tune reports to understand the health of a source. A question about transitioning to hydrogen can open a discussion on the need for gas filters (and an entertaining story about a hydrogen generator experience gone bad), identifying the best column dimensions for your analysis needs and if H2 with GC/MS makes sense for your analysis.</p>
<p>There’s no such thing as an easy answer, because the answer always depends on many different factors. Therefore, we have complied a list of some of our most frequently asked questions, which may seem like simple questions, but in reality they have anything but simple answers.</p>
<h4><strong>What does it cover?</strong></h4>
<p>We will discuss some of the most frequently asked questions about GC and GCMS that we have received as well as new questions that we hope you will submit to us in advance with experts from Agilent as well as from the field.</p>
<h4><strong>By attending this presentation you will learn:</strong></h4>
<ul>
<li>best practices with GC and GC/MS systems – from liner and column selection to why gas filters matter and instrument prep recommendations, and</li>
<li>why there is not always an easy answer to most GC(MS) questions</li>
</ul>
<h4><strong>Why should you attend?</strong></h4>
<p>To gain more understanding on why different consumables are used for different applications, and listen to Agilent Scientists discuss the complexities of the most frequently asked questions they receive.</p>
<h4><strong>Who should attend?</strong></h4>
<p>Laboratory technicians, researchers, and scientists wishing to learn more about GC and GC/MS best practices, consumables, and some of the top questions that have been sent to Agilent scientists.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenters: Angie Smith-Henry (Gas Chromatography Applications Chemist, Agilent)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Angie is is an applications chemist for GC and MS Supplies at Agilent in Wilmington, Delaware, USA. Previously, she was an applications chemist for the MSD Solutions and Applications group with a focus on developing analysers and applications for energy, chemical and environmental markets. Angie holds a PhD in Physical Chemistry from Lehigh University and BS in Chemistry from Juniata College.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenters: Vanessa Abercrombie (Gas Chromatography Applications Chemist, Agilent)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Vanessa is a GC Applications Chemist at Agilent in Folsom, California, USA. Vanessa has a broad background in GC and GC/MS, including experience as an instrument chemist at Bode Technology in Virginia working under contract to the FBI’s Laboratory Division. Prior to that, Vanessa worked for ETS Labs in St. Helena, California as an Analytical Chemist where she researched and developed quantitative separations by GC/MS and UHPLC for beer, wine, and spirits. She holds a Master of Forensic Science from The George Washington University and a Bachelor of Arts in Chemistry from Sonoma State University.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Moderator: Diane Turner (Director &amp; Senior Consultant, Anthias Consulting)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Diane Turner is Director and Senior Consultant of Anthias Consulting in Cambridgeshire, UK. A Warwick University graduate, Diane completed her masters in Analytical Chemistry and started her career in environmental chemistry, later gaining significant experience as an Applications Chemist. Diane’s area of research through her PhD studies at The Open University was disease diagnosis. She has developed methods for, and given support and training for companies in most industries around the world for more than 20 years. Diane also holds voluntary roles with The Royal Society of Chemistry and other scientific organisations.</p>
</blockquote>


Pixabay/loufre: Ask the Agilent Experts - Part 2:  GC and GC/MS Scientists Answer Your Most Frequently Asked Questions

Ask the Agilent Experts - Part 2:  GC and GC/MS Scientists Answer Your Most Frequently Asked Questions

Have you ever had a question about your GC/GCMS analysis and thought, "I have no idea what to do," or "I’m the only one who doesn’t know what to do?"

Ask the Agilent Experts 2:  GC and GC/MS FAQs

<p><strong>Most laboratory informatics environments require a diverse number of applications each with distinct functions (e.g., sample management, instrument control, data acquisition and interpretation, calculation and reporting of results). The main aims of such informatics applications are to meet regulatory compliance and data integrity objectives; however, hybrid systems can present major challenges for laboratories.</strong></p>
<p>A laboratory automation/digitisation strategy, alongside senior management support, funding and resourcing, is crucial for defining the steps required to automate the laboratory over several phases. The objective of this webcast is to highlight ways to ensure that your investments in laboratory informatics applications are sound and long-lasting.</p>
<h4><strong>Attend this webinar to learn more about:</strong></h4>
<ul>
<li>The importance of senior management support for your laboratory automation strategy</li>
<li>The need to map and simplify the automated processes</li>
<li>The role of business efficiency and regulatory/data integrity compliance</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Bob McDowall (Director, R D McDowall Ltd)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Thomas Schmidt (Marketing Director, Agilent Technologies)</strong></p>
</blockquote>


Pixabay/Gerd Altmann: How To Future Proof Your Laboratory Informatics Environment

How To Future Proof Your Laboratory Informatics Environment

 The objective of this webcast is to highlight ways to ensure that your investments in laboratory informatics applications are sound and long-lasting.

<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Rahela Banu (Business Development Manager- Non Pharma Market, Phenomenex India)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Rahela Banu holds a master’s degree in Micro Biology from Osmania University. She worked as a Microbiologist in Royal life sciences doing analysis of FAME by Gas chromatography from various microbial samples. Later started working with Merck as Patient Support counselor. After successful 3 years stint with them she moved to Phenomenex. She has 11 years of experience in handling customer Applications/Inquiries catering to wide extended market segments.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Rahela has traveled extensively through all parts of India reaching customers of various segments working with GC/HPLC/SPE technique as Industry Specialist; Having visited manufacturing plant of Phenomenex Torrance unit Rahela works very closely with GC developing team making a bridge between advanced technologies and customer applications. Currently she is a Business Development Manager at Phenomenex India and is responsible for Seminars/webinars/training&#39;s/Global coordination/market development in all product lines that goes into this applied market segment PAN India</p>
</blockquote>


Phenomenex: 5 Phase versatility in Gas Chromatography and its Applications 

5 Phase versatility in Gas Chromatography and its Applications 

5 Phase versatility in GC and its Applications 

<p><strong>The laboratory is a centralized hub of activity from sample analysis through to result generation, so it is important that processes are efficient, errors are eliminated, and regulatory requirements are adhered to. We will showcase how a modern chromatography data system (CDS) can help you realize your laboratory’s potential with best practices, tips, and tricks to help you work smarter and increase productivity while ensuring compliance.</strong></p>
<h3><strong>Learning points:</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Learn about the latest capabilities of Thermo Scientific Chromeleon eWorkflow procedures to deliver ease of use </li>
<li>Discover how to employ the software to increase confidence of correct component detection. </li>
<li>Learn how to drive efficiency in your lab operations while ensuring compliance</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Who should attend:</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Laboratory users </li>
<li>CDS power users </li>
<li>Laboratory managers </li>
<li>Quality Assurance professionals </li>
<li>CDS system administrators</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Brian Alliston (Product Marketing Manager, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Brian Alliston is a product marketing manager with Thermo Fisher Scientific. With over 20 years’ experience of working in the pharmaceutical industry he has acted as a Data Integrity and CDS Specialist supporting a multifunctional group of quality control and development analysts in the use of Thermo Scientific Chromeleon CDS software and the development of training procedures, standard operating procedures, and product-specific report templates. Working in a QA/IT role, Brian supported projects to install Chromeleon CDS in both on-premise and cloud deployments, as well as demonstrating compliant CDS operation during several regulatory audits.</p>
</blockquote>


Thermo Scientific: How to boost your laboratory productivity

How to boost your laboratory productivity

Learn about the latest capabilities of Thermo Scientific Chromeleon eWorkflow procedures to deliver ease of use 

<p>Digital technology is a main driving factor for organizations who are on a journey to a digitally transformed laboratory. As these organizations evolve and adjust to keep up with technological advancements and scientific innovations, the importance of a fully automated lab is made just as clear.</p>
<p>While automation allows a wealth of opportunities for workflow optimization, many labs overlook the importance of using software solutions to manage their data and streamline their processes. Organizations with a disconnected ecosystem are less able to benefit from the advantages which automation and digital technology can offer. Ongoing advances in automated technologies and digital science solutions are helping labs achieve unprecedented levels of throughput, efficiency, and reproducibility. Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) and intelligent workflow scheduling software, for example, are helping maximize these benefits through integrated data and process management.</p>
<p>As organizations work to optimize their workflow, lab automation technology is critical to optimizing processes and creating repeatable results. This webinar will describe how the next generation of automation technology can be leveraged to optimize scientific workflows and enable scientists to focus on the science. Join us to learn digital technology can drive lab automation.</p>
<h3><strong>Key learning objectives</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Understand how laboratory automation can benefit the digital transformation journey</li>
<li>Learn how to optimize your scientific workflows and processes</li>
<li>Explore the next generation of lab automation and digital technology</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Who should attend</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Lab Directors/Managers/Supervisors/Technicians</li>
<li>Lab Automation Directors/Managers/Supervisors/Specialists</li>
<li>LIMS Directors/Managers/Specialists/Admin staff</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Dean Mulyk (Sr. Product Manager, Automation Software, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Lab Automation)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Dean Mulyk is the Momentum Software Product Manager at Thermo Fisher Scientific. He earned his undergraduate and master’s degrees in biological sciences from the University of Alberta. In his work with serotonin and other GPCRs prior to Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dean worked with laboratory robotics which in turn developed his interest in laboratory automation. He joined the Thermo Fisher Scientific Laboratory Automation Team as a senior applications scientist to combine his molecular biology interests with robotics and workflow scheduling software.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Moderator: Charlie Carter (Associate Editor, SelectScience)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Charlie studied neuroscience at the University of Bristol, UK, before completing a Masters in Science Communication. As a member of the Editorial team, Charlie plays an integral role in shaping the content on SelectScience.</p>
</blockquote>


Select Science: Using digital technology to drive laboratory automation

Using digital technology to drive laboratory automation

This webinar will describe how the next generation of automation technology can be leveraged to optimize scientific workflows.

<p><strong>Working in the lab, you are likely to perform repetitive tasks like pipetting on a daily basis. From preparing calibration standards, to plate reformatting, concentration normalization, PCR plate preparation, standard pooling, ELISA, derivatization and digestion protocols… there are many time-consuming but critical pipetting steps in every lab workflow.</strong></p>
<p>Wouldn’t it be nice to be able to “delegate” all these tedious and repetitive tasks to a pipetting robot without having to be an automation engineer with extensive programming knowledge?</p>
<h3><strong>By doing so you could :</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>limit human error</li>
<li>improve the accuracy, repeatability and precision of analysis</li>
<li>free-up technician time to allow for more value-added tasks</li>
<li>ensure the complete traceability of all the actions</li>
</ul>
<p>Sounds great, doesn’t it? ...but let’s actually show you!</p>
<p>Sign up for this seminar, featuring Jasper Eaton and Xavier Rodriguez, to see the Andrew+ pipetting robot live and to discover how easy it is to design and execute your workflows thanks to the very intuitive browser-based OneLab software.</p>
<p>Looking forward to seeing you in one of the two sessions that we’ve organized!</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Jasper Eaton</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Jasper has a background in molecular and cellular biology. He is EU Sales Manager and Product Specialist at Andrew Alliance with 4+ years of experience with the Andrew Alliance product range.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Xavier Rodriguez</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Xavier is an Application Support Chemist with more than 20 years of experience in solving sample prep challenges. Since Andrew Alliance became part of the Waters family, he has been heavily involved in helping labs automate their workflows. </p>
</blockquote>


Waters Corporation: Tired of pipetting too much?

Tired of pipetting too much?

Sign up for this seminar to see the Andrew+ pipetting robot live and to discover how easy it is to design and execute your workflows thanks to OneLab software.

<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Nicole Kfoury, Ph.D. (Applications Scientist)</strong></p>
</blockquote>


Gerstel: Sensory Directed Analysis with the GERSTEL Olfactory Detection Port 4 and Olfactory Data Interpreter Software

Sensory Directed Analysis with the GERSTEL Olfactory Detection Port 4 and Olfactory Data Interpreter Software

Sensory Directed Analysis with the GERSTEL ODPort 4

<p><strong>Tracking and trending data helps predict and prevent Out-of-Specification (OOS) results, in addition to being an excellent mechanism to use when creating, optimizing validating transferring, and maintaining method performance.  One of the valuable tools available to you in a well-defined, streamlined workflow is the control chart.  Control charts are used to:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Track and trend assay results</li>
<li>Predicting and preventing column failure</li>
<li>Monitor reactions during the production of product on the manufacturing floor</li>
</ul>
<p>Any reportable result can be populated into a control chart to look for trends which give us the ability to proactively predict and prevent failures, reducing costly time spent investigating root cause.  In this session we will explore the capabilities within Empower to create and use control charts.</p>
<p>Please join us for this live discussion to learn more and bring your Empower questions for this exclusive opportunity to ask our expert, Neil Lander, anything about Empower!</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Neil Lander (Principal Product Manager, Waters Corporation)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Neil has worked for Waters Corporation since 1994 and has held a variety of positions including Technical Support Specialist, Technical Trainer, Manager Customer Education and currently, Principal Marketing Manager focusing on Informatics solutions. He provides internal support for Empower Chromatography Data System and is focused on developing laboratory software solutions that help organizations achieve their scientific and operational objectives. Prior to joining Waters, he was an analytical chemist where he gained experience in both the cosmetics and specialty chemical industries.</p>
</blockquote>


Waters Corporation: Empower Tips: Ask Me Anything About Tracking and Trending Data

Ask Me Anything About Tracking and Trending Data

Please join us for this live discussion to learn more and bring your Empower questions for this exclusive opportunity to ask our expert anything about Empower!

Empower: Ask Me Anything About Tracking and Trending Data

<h5><strong>Key Learning Points:</strong></h5>
<ul>
<li>Comprehend simple to complex sample preparation techniques  </li>
<li>Acquire knowledge on modes of SPE: Reversed Phase / Normal Phase / Ion-Exchange  </li>
<li>Understand SPE Troubleshooting &amp; optimization fundamentals  </li>
<li>Grasp sample preparation method development and optimization tricks</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter: Dr. Ramkumar Dhandapani (Global Product Manager, Gas Chromatography, Phenomenex)</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Dr. Ramkumar Dhandapani has been in the chromatography industry for over 17 years with hands-on and troubleshooting experience. He has earnt a master’s and PhD degree in Analytical chemistry from Seton Hall University with specialization in Microextractions, Multidimensional Gas Chromatography and Tandem Mass Specs techniques. He has developed and validated several regulatory compliant methods in Pharmaceutical, Food, Fuels and Environmental industry as well as incorporated method improvement and troubleshooting across a range of separation techniques. He has extensive Chiral  Method Development Experience through Pharmaceutical career. Dr.Dhandapani joined Phenomenex in August of 2014 and he serves as the Global Product Manager at Phenomenex. In addition to managing the product lines, Dr. Dhandapani presents on innovations in Chromatography at various chromatography conference.</p>
</blockquote>


Pixabay/wiredsmartio: Sample Prep Method Development Tips and Tricks

Sample Prep Method Development Tips and Tricks

Comprehend simple to complex sample preparation techniques. Understand SPE Troubleshooting & optimization fundamentals. ...  