<p><strong>A nitrogen-enriched graphene nanomaterial (GN3) for energy storage in supercapacitors, developed by researchers at the Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) of Palacký University Olomouc, has been included in the European Commission’s </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://innovation-radar.ec.europa.eu/innovation/66621"><strong>Innovation Radar database as a technology with strong commercial potential</strong></a><strong>. The material has been assessed as highly market-ready, with significant potential to create new markets. Palacký University, which coordinated the prestigious European Innovation Council project TRANS2DCHEM, has also been recognised among the project’s key innovators.</strong></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CATRIN_Grafenovy_material_z_Olomouce_se_dostal_mezi_perspektivni_evropske_inovace_0d2a178219.jpg" alt="CATRIN: Graphene nanomaterial developed in Olomouc recognised among Europe’s most promising innovations" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CATRIN_Grafenovy_material_z_Olomouce_se_dostal_mezi_perspektivni_evropske_inovace_0d2a178219.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="480" height="480"></p><p>Innovation Radar is a European platform that identifies promising innovations and key innovators emerging from research and innovation projects funded by the European Union.</p><p>“This is a great honour and recognition of our work. The excellent assessment within the Innovation Radar platform demonstrates the potential of CATRIN—and of Palacký University as a whole—to transform scientific discoveries into products with strong commercial potential. Recognition by independent experts highlights the technology’s high level of market readiness, which is exceptional even in the context of other outstanding projects supported by the European Innovation Council,” said <strong>Jiří Navrátil, Technology Transfer Coordinator at CATRIN</strong>.</p><p>The nitrogen-enriched graphene electrode material, based on graphene—a two-dimensional material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms—was developed by researchers in Olomouc seven years ago. It originated from <strong>Michal Otyepka’s</strong> prestigious European Research Council project focused on the <strong>2D chemistry of fluorographene</strong>.</p><p>In the following years, researchers demonstrated the material’s significant potential for electrical energy storage, particularly in supercapacitors, which represent a promising alternative to today’s widely used lithium-ion batteries. Development of prototype supercapacitors with unique properties began under the prestigious European Innovation Council project <strong>TRANS2DCHEM</strong>, in collaboration with partners from<strong> Bar-Ilan University in Israel</strong> and the<strong> Italian company ITELCOND</strong>. The next logical step was the establishment of the spin-off company <strong>Atomiver</strong>, which has been operating since 2024.</p><p>“The continuous growth in global energy consumption and the rapid expansion of electronic devices are driving strong demand for high-performance, stable energy storage components. Our electrode material is unique because it pushes the current limits of commercially available technologies, particularly in terms of volumetric energy density—the amount of electrical energy that can be stored within a given volume. Compared with existing technologies, our material enables several-fold higher energy density. Its inclusion in the Innovation Radar database encourages us to continue developing the technology and bring it closer to commercial production,” said <strong>Michal Otyepka</strong>, one of the inventors of the technology and co-owner of the spin-out company.</p><p>The material is protected by <strong>several international patents</strong>, which have been licensed by Atomiver from Palacký University.</p><p>“Supercapacitors incorporating our graphene material could one day help ensure the safe operation of large data centres, Internet of Things (IoT) networks, transport systems, grid-scale energy storage, electronics for space applications and implantable medical devices,” added<strong> Veronika Šedajová</strong>, one of the inventors of the technology.</p><p>The significance of the technology was previously recognised when Atomiver was selected for the<strong> NATO DIANA </strong>accelerator programme, one of only<strong> 74 companies chosen from more than 2,600 applicants</strong>. The company has also received support from CzechInvest through its Technology Incubation programme.</p><p>“We are currently in intensive discussions with investors, who have shown strong interest in the technology, not least because the electrode material we have developed also has considerable potential for applications in other industries,” said<strong> Andrew Hladký, Director of Atomiver</strong>.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://innovation-radar.ec.europa.eu/innovation/66621"><strong>Innovation Radar</strong></a> serves as a platform for investors, entrepreneurs and the wider public to discover emerging technologies.</p>

Graphene nanomaterial developed in Olomouc recognised among Europe’s most promising innovations

<p><strong>Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has emerged as a transformative technique in analytical chemistry. While one-dimensional </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/gas-chromatography"><strong>gas chromatography</strong></a><strong> (1D-GC) provides effective separation for simpler mixtures, it often struggles with highly complex samples where hundreds to thousands of compounds may be present. In environmental, petrochemical, biological, and food-related analyses, hundreds to thousands of compounds may be present, many of which co-elute in one-dimensional systems. This limits the ability of 1D-GC to fully resolve such mixtures.</strong></p><p>To address these limitations, GC×GC introduces an additional dimension of separation. It combines complementary (ideally orthogonal) separation mechanisms with advanced modulation processes, thereby expanding the chromatographic separation space. This enables the resolution of compounds that would otherwise remain co-eluted or undetectable. As a result, GC×GC offers enhanced peak capacity, improved selectivity, and improved detectability through the signal-focusing effects of modulation. Readers new to the subject may benefit from first reviewing the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/gc-knowledge-center/basic-principles-of-gas-chromatography-separation-and-analysis"><strong>principles of gas chromatography</strong></a>, which provide the foundation for understanding multidimensional methods such as GC×GC.</p><p>The technique has gained increasing importance over the past two decades in fields such as environmental monitoring, petroleum refining, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/gc-knowledge-center/role-gas-chromatography-forensics"><strong>forensic toxicology</strong></a>, metabolomics, and food science. Its ability to detect trace compounds and group-related analytes makes it invaluable for both research and industry.</p><p>This article explores what GC×GC is, how it works, its advantages and applications, the challenges faced, and future innovations. Whether you are an analytical scientist, a laboratory professional, or someone seeking to understand advanced separation science, GC×GC demonstrates why 2D gas chromatography (2D-GC) is considered a true game-changer.</p><h3><strong>What is Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC)?</strong></h3><p>Two-Dimensional gas chromatography is an advanced analytical technique that separates complex mixtures using two columns with different stationary phases. Unlike 1D-GC, which relies on a single separation mechanism, GC×GC applies two complementary, often orthogonal, mechanisms in sequence, drastically <strong>improving resolution</strong>.</p><p>In 1D-GC, compounds that share similar chemical properties often co-elute, making it difficult to identify or quantify them accurately. GC×GC resolves this by employing a primary column, typically non-polar, followed by a secondary column, usually polar or semi-polar. A modulator periodically collects and re-injects fractions from the first column into the second, ensuring comprehensive analysis. By integrating two separation dimensions, 2D gas chromatography boosts peak capacity, enabling clearer resolution and identification of <strong>hundreds to thousands of compounds</strong>, depending on the sample matrix.</p><p>The primary goal of GC×GC is to maximize separation efficiency while maintaining sensitivity. Its advantages include increased peak capacity, reduced overlap, and structured chromatograms, where similar compounds group together. This structured output simplifies interpretation and enhances the reliability of results.</p><p>GC×GC is not just an incremental improvement over 1D-GC but a significant leap in analyte separation. GC×GC is a cornerstone technique in modern analytical laboratories for the resolution of highly complex samples such as crude oil fractions or biological fluids. By expanding both separation space and sensitivity, GC×GC provides clearer insights into mixtures once thought unresolvable. Proper setup and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/article/5541"><strong>gas chromatography column installation</strong></a> are critical to ensuring reproducibility and maximizing the benefits of two-dimensional separations.</p><h3><strong>Principle and Working Mechanism of GC×GC</strong></h3><p>The principle of GC×GC chromatography lies in <strong>orthogonality</strong>, which employs two different separation mechanisms to enhance resolution. In the first dimension, compounds are typically separated by volatility in the first dimension (non-polar column), followed by polarity or another property in the second dimension (polar or semi-polar column). In the second dimension, a column with a contrasting phase provides additional separation based on different chemical properties.</p><p>At the heart of the process is the <strong>modulator</strong>. Thermal modulators are most common and work by trapping effluent from the first column in a cryogenic or heated zone, then releasing it in sharp, timed pulses into the second column. This ensures narrow injection bands, which improve peak capacity and resolution.</p><p>The combined effect is a marked increase in separation space. Instead of a simple one-dimensional chromatogram, GC×GC produces a two-dimensional plane where peaks are distributed across retention times from both columns. Data visualization typically uses contour plots or color-coded maps, which allow easy identification of compound groups.</p><p>GC×GC analysis also enhances detectability due to peak compression, making trace analytes more prominent. The result is a powerful technique that captures both the breadth and depth of chemical diversity within a sample. This dual-dimension approach underpins GC×GC’s reputation as a breakthrough in chromatographic science.</p><h3><strong>Key Advantages of GC×GC</strong></h3><p>Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography provides several important advantages that make it an essential technique for analyzing complex mixtures across diverse research areas.</p><ol><li><strong>Improved peak capacity and resolution:</strong> By combining two orthogonal separations, GC×GC significantly increases the number of compounds that can be resolved compared to 1D-GC. This enhanced separation is especially useful in petrochemicals and environmental samples, where pollutants often overlap in simpler chromatograms.</li><li><strong>Enhanced separation of complex mixtures:</strong> 2D gas chromatography easily separates hundreds or thousands of analytes from a complex mixture. Its structured separation allows co-eluting compounds to be clearly distinguished that would otherwise remain unresolved in 1D-GC.</li><li><strong>Improved detectability of trace compounds due to modulation-induced peak focusing:</strong> The modulation process compresses analyte peaks, leading to sharper signals and improved signal-to-noise ratios. This makes it possible to detect trace-level compounds, which is critical in applications such as environmental pollution monitoring or biomarker discovery in biological samples.</li><li><strong>Structured chromatograms for compound grouping:</strong> GC×GC produces organized chromatograms where chemically similar compounds cluster into recognizable patterns. For example, hydrocarbons align in diagonal bands, simplifying pattern recognition and aiding identification.</li></ol><p>Together, these advantages help transform GC×GC chromatographic analysis from a linear process into a comprehensive two-dimensional mapping of chemical diversity, providing insights that were previously inaccessible.</p><h3><strong>Common Applications of GC×GC</strong></h3><p>Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography has become an essential tool across many industries for the analysis of highly complex compounds. Its wide range of applications demonstrates its capabilities beyond those of 1D-GC methods.</p><h4><strong>Environmental analysis</strong></h4><p>GC×GC is widely used to monitor pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air, soil, and water. Its enhanced separation capacity allows for reliable detection of trace contaminants even in highly complex environmental matrices.</p><h4><strong>Petrochemical and fuel analysis</strong></h4><p>In petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, GC×GC plays a key role in characterizing crude oil fractions, fuels, and lubricants. It provides detailed hydrocarbon fingerprints, helping optimize refining processes and assess product quality.</p><h4><strong>Food and flavor profiling</strong></h4><p>Food chemistry benefits from GC×GC in profiling flavors, aromas, and contaminants. For instance, it can distinguish subtle differences in coffee volatiles or detect adulterants in essential oils.</p><h4><strong>Forensic and toxicology screening</strong></h4><p>In forensic science, GC×GC helps identify drugs, explosives, and poisons from complex biological and environmental samples. Its high sensitivity is particularly valuable for toxicology screenings where minute concentrations must be quantified.</p><h4><strong>Metabolomics and biological samples</strong></h4><p>GC×GC enables comprehensive profiling of metabolites in biological fluids and tissues. Its ability to reveal biomarker patterns supports research in personalized medicine, disease diagnostics, and systems biology.</p><h3><strong>Challenges and Limitations of GC×GC</strong></h3><p>Despite its remarkable capabilities, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography presents several challenges that can limit its widespread use.</p><ul><li>One major barrier is <strong>instrumentation cost</strong>. GC×GC systems are considerably more expensive than conventional one-dimensional GC setups, as they require advanced modulators, specialized detectors, and robust temperature control. This makes adoption difficult for smaller laboratories with limited budgets.</li><li>Another issue is <strong>technical complexity.</strong> The method demands precise control of operating parameters such as flow rates, temperature programming, and modulation timing. Small variations can affect reproducibility, meaning that highly trained personnel are essential for reliable operation.</li><li><strong>Data analysis</strong> represents a further challenge. The large two-dimensional datasets generated by GC×GC require sophisticated software tools for visualization and interpretation. Without advanced contour plotting and peak-processing capabilities, researchers may struggle to extract meaningful insights.</li><li>While GC×GC improves separation, unambiguous structural isomer identification often requires hyphenation with <strong>mass spectrometry</strong> (GC×GC–MS). While GC×GC effectively separates complex mixtures, distinguishing structural isomers often requires coupling with detectors such as mass spectrometry (GC×GC–MS). In addition, <strong>sample preparation</strong> can be labor-intensive, particularly with biological or environmental samples that need cleanup to prevent interferences.</li></ul><p>Although these hurdles exist, improvements in software, automation, and instrument design are steadily reducing these limitations, paving the way for broader adoption of GC×GC across industries.</p><h3><strong>Future Trends and Innovations in GC×GC</strong></h3><p>The field of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography is advancing rapidly, with several innovations shaping its future role in analytical science. These developments aim to make the technique more powerful, user-friendly, and accessible to a broader range of laboratories.</p><p>One promising direction is the rise of <strong>miniaturized and portable GC×GC systems</strong>, which bring advanced separation capabilities to field settings such as environmental monitoring or on-site forensic testing. At the same time, <strong>integration with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)</strong> is enabling more precise compound identification, particularly for complex isomeric mixtures.</p><p>Another key trend is <strong>automation in data analysis.</strong> The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning is simplifying the interpretation of large, multidimensional datasets, reducing the need for extensive manual processing. <strong>Enhanced modulators</strong> are also being developed, improving sensitivity, minimizing sample loss, and ensuring robust performance across varied applications.</p><p>In addition, there is a growing emphasis on <strong>green analytical chemistry</strong>. Efforts to lower energy consumption, reduce solvent use, and create more sustainable workflows are aligning GC×GC with environmentally responsible laboratory practices.</p><p>Finally, <strong>broader clinical applications</strong> are emerging for 2D-GC, from breathomics to biomarker discovery in precision medicine. Collectively, these innovations indicate that GC×GC is evolving from a niche technique into a widely adopted analytical platform with significant scientific and industrial impact.</p>

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 33, 2026

Article

Application

Academy

Science and research

Poster

The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) at Palacký University is a cutting-edge scientific hub dedicated to advancing research in the fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and biomedicine. At its core, CATRIN boasts outstanding scientific teams, featuring international researchers. We emphasize interdisciplinarity, foster global collaborations, and work to translate our research findings into practical applications.

CATRIN

Everything from the world of analytical chemistry in one place. We connect people in solving their problems. At Labrulez you will find all the necessary information easily, quickly and clearly. Stop searching and start finding.

LabRulez

Phenomenex is a global technology leader committed to developing novel analytical chemistry solutions that solve the separation and purification challenges of researchers in industrial, government and academic laboratories.

Phenomenex

Phenomenex Strata Melamine Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

A proprietary phase that allows for the simultaneous extraction of melamine and cyanuric acid out of food and biological samples.

<p><strong>Specialty Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Sorbent</strong></p><p>A proprietary phase that allows for the simultaneous extraction of melamine and cyanuric acid out of food and biological samples.</p>

Phenomenex Strata SCX Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

A benzene sulfonic acid group is bonded to the surface of the silica particle, giving strong cation-exchange selectivity.

<p><strong>Ion-Exchange Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Sorbent</strong></p><p>A benzene sulfonic acid group is bonded to the surface of the silica particle, giving strong cation-exchange selectivity.</p><ul><li>Extraction of 1 °, 2 °, and 3 amines</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:791/384;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Strata_SCX_SPE_f35df1035c.jpg" alt="Phenomenex: Strata SCX" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Strata_SCX_SPE_f35df1035c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="791" height="384"></figure><ul><li><strong>Surface Area (m²/g)</strong>: -</li><li><strong>Separation Mode:</strong> Ion Exchange</li><li><strong>Particle Size:</strong> 55</li><li><strong>Recommended Use: </strong>Extraction of weakly basic compounds</li></ul><h4><strong>Starting Method</strong></h4><h5><strong>Strata SCX – Strong Cation-Exchange</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Condition:</strong> 1 mL Methanol</li><li><strong>Equilibrate:</strong> 1 mL Acidified Water</li><li><strong>Load:</strong> Pretreated sample (acidified)</li><li><strong>Wash 1</strong>: 1 mL 0.1N HCl in Water</li><li><strong>Wash 2</strong>: 1 mL 0.1N HCl in Methanol, dry under vacuum for 2-5 min</li><li><strong>Elute:</strong> 1 mL 5 % NH4OH in Methanol</li></ul><p>Based on 100 mg/1 mL sorbent mass. The above is a convenient starting point for SPE method development, further optimization may be required to tailor the method for your specific extraction needs.</p>

Phenomenex Strata NH2 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

This amino phase offers strong polar selectivity and hydrogen bonding under normal phase conditions or can be used as a weak anion-exchange sorbent.

<p><strong>Normal Phase Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)</strong></p><p>This amino phase offers strong polar selectivity and hydrogen bonding under <strong>normal phase conditions</strong> or can be used as a <strong>weak anion-exchange sorbent.</strong></p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:500/150;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Strata_nh2_a7c3599f55.webp" alt="Phenomenex: Strata-NH2" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Strata_nh2_a7c3599f55.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="500" height="150"></figure><ul><li><strong>Surface Area (m²/g)</strong>: -</li><li><strong>Separation Mode:</strong> Normal Phase</li><li><strong>Pore Size:</strong> 100</li><li><strong>Particle Size:</strong> 25, 55</li><li><strong>Recommended Use: </strong>Strong polar selectivity and hydrogen bonding under normal phase conditions or can be used as a weak anion-exchange sorbent</li></ul><h4><strong>Starting Method</strong></h4><h5><strong>Strata NH2 – Weak Anion-Exchange</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Condition:</strong> 1 mL Methanol</li><li><strong>Equilibrate:</strong> 1 mL Water, pH 6-7</li><li><strong>Load:</strong> Pretreated sample, pH 6-7</li><li><strong>Wash 1</strong>: 1 mL 25mM Ammonium Acetate Buffer, pH 6-7</li><li><strong>Wash 2</strong>: 1 mL Methanol, dry under vacuum for 2-5 min</li><li><strong>Elute Any Acid: </strong>1 mL 5% NH4OH in Methanol</li><li><strong>Elute Weak Acids: </strong>1 mL 5% Formic Acid in Methanol</li></ul><p>Based on 100 mg/1 mL sorbent mass. The above is a convenient starting point for SPE method development, further optimization may be required to tailor the method for your specific extraction needs.</p>

Phenomenex Strata SAX Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

The quaternary amine group on this sorbent remains positively charged under all conditions, giving a strong anion-exchange mechanism of retention.

<p><strong>Ion-Exchange Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent (SPE)</strong></p><p>The quaternary amine group on this sorbent remains positively charged under all conditions, giving a strong anion-exchange mechanism of retention.</p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:500/150;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Strata_sax_470d923b27.webp" alt="Phenomenex: Strata-SAX" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Strata_sax_470d923b27.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="500" height="150"></figure><ul><li><strong>Surface Area (m²/g)</strong>: -</li><li><strong>Separation Mode:</strong> Ion Exchange</li><li><strong>Particle Size:</strong> 55</li><li><strong>Recommended Use: </strong>Extraction of weakly acidic compounds</li></ul><h4><strong>Starting Method</strong></h4><h5><strong>Strata SAX – Strong Anion-Exchange</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Condition:</strong> 1 mL Methanol</li><li><strong>Equilibrate:</strong> 1 mL DI Water</li><li><strong>Load:</strong> Pretreated sample, pH 6-7</li><li><strong>Wash 1</strong>: 1 mL 25mM Ammonium Acetate Buffer, pH 6-7</li><li><strong>Wash 2</strong>: 1 mL Methanol, dry under vacuum for 2-5 min</li><li><strong>Elute: </strong>1 mL 5% Formic Acid in Methanol</li></ul><p>Based on 100 mg/1 mL sorbent mass. The above is a convenient starting point for SPE method development, further optimization may be required to tailor the method for your specific extraction needs.</p>

Phenomenex Strata Screen-A Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

Incorporates the hydrophobic selectivity of a C8 phase and strong anion-exchange for the extraction of acidic drugs from biological matrices.

<p><strong>Mixed-Mode Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Sorbent</strong></p><p>Incorporates the hydrophobic selectivity of a C8 phase and strong anion-exchange for the extraction of acidic drugs from biological matrices.</p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:500/150;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Strata_Screen_A_f370bdfd48.webp" alt="Phenomenex: Strata Screen-A" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Strata_Screen_A_f370bdfd48.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="500" height="150"></figure><ul><li><strong>Surface Area (m²/g)</strong>: -</li><li><strong>Separation Mode:</strong> Multi-Mode</li><li><strong>Particle Size:</strong> 55</li><li><strong>Recommended Use: </strong>Extracts acidic drugs from biological matrices</li></ul><h4><strong>Starting Method</strong></h4><h5><strong>Strata Screen-A Strong Anion-Exchange</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Condition:</strong> 1 mL Methanol</li><li><strong>Equilibrate:</strong> 1 mL Water</li><li><strong>Load:</strong> Pretreated sample</li><li><strong>Wash 1</strong>: 1 mL 25mM Ammonium Acetate Buffer, pH 6-7</li><li><strong>Wash 2</strong>: 1 mL Methanol, dry under vacuum for 2-5 min</li><li><strong>Elute: </strong>1 mL 5% Formic Acid in Methanol</li></ul><p>Based on 100 mg/1 mL sorbent mass. The above is a convenient starting point for SPE method development, further optimization may be required to tailor the method for your specific extraction needs.</p>

Phenomenex Strata Screen-C Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

Incorporates the hydrophobic selectivity of a C8 phase and strong cation exchange for the extraction of basic drugs from biological matrices.

<p><strong>Strong Cation-Exchange Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)</strong></p><p>Incorporates the hydrophobic selectivity of a C8 phase and strong cation exchange for the extraction of basic drugs from biological matrices.</p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:500/150;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Strata_Screen_C_b60bb2b7e4.webp" alt="Phenomenex: Strata Screen-C" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Strata_Screen_C_b60bb2b7e4.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="500" height="150"></figure><ul><li><strong>Surface Area (m²/g)</strong>: 500, m²/g, 500 m²/g</li><li><strong>Separation Mode:</strong> Multi-Mode</li><li><strong>Pore Size</strong>: 70</li><li><strong>Particle Size:</strong> 55</li><li><strong>Recommended Use: </strong>Extraction of basic drugs from biological matrixes</li></ul><h4><strong>Starting Method</strong></h4><h5><strong>Strata Screen-C Strong Cation-Exchange</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Condition:</strong> 1 mL Methanol</li><li><strong>Equilibrate:</strong> 1 mL Acidified Water</li><li><strong>Load:</strong> Pretreated sample (acidified)</li><li><strong>Wash 1</strong>: 1 mL 0.1N HCl in Water</li><li><strong>Wash 2</strong>: 1 mL 0.1N HCl in Methanol, dry under vacuum for 2-5 min</li><li><strong>Elute: </strong>1 mL 5 % NH<sub>4</sub>OH in Methanol</li></ul><p>Based on 100 mg/1 mL sorbent mass. The above is a convenient starting point for SPE method development, further optimization may be required to tailor the method for your specific extraction needs.</p>

Phenomenex Strata Screen-C GF Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

Optimized for gravity flow, this sorbent offers hydrophobic selectivity from a C8 phase and strong cation-exchange properties for the extraction of basic drugs.

<p><strong>Strong Cation-Exchange Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)</strong></p><p>Optimized for gravity flow, this sorbent offers hydrophobic selectivity from a C8 phase and strong cation-exchange properties for the extraction of basic drugs from biological matrixes. Offers the selectivity of Screen-C in a gravity flow particle size for viscous samples.</p><h4><strong>Starting Method</strong></h4><h5><strong>Strata Screen-C GF Strong Cation-Exchange</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Condition:</strong> 1 mL Methanol</li><li><strong>Equilibrate:</strong> 1 mL Acidified Water</li><li><strong>Load:</strong> Pretreated sample (acidified)</li><li><strong>Wash 1</strong>: 1 mL 0.1N HCl in Water</li><li><strong>Wash 2</strong>: 1 mL 0.1N HCl in Methanol, dry under vacuum for 2-5 min</li><li><strong>Elute: </strong>1 mL 5 % NH<sub>4</sub>OH in Methanol</li></ul><p>Based on 100 mg/1 mL sorbent mass. The above is a convenient starting point for SPE method development, further optimization may be required to tailor the method for your specific extraction needs.</p>

Phenomenex Zebron ZB-1HT Inferno GC Columns

Zebron Inferno column ZB-1HT provides true boiling point separation for hydrocarbon distillation methods.

<h4><strong>Robust Results Up to 430 ºC</strong></h4><ul><li>First non-metal columns stable to 430 °C</li><li>Provides true boiling point separation for hydrocarbon distillation methods</li><li>Longer lifetime with rugged high temperature, polyimide coated, fused silica tubing</li><li>Low activity, provides good peak shape for acidic and basic samples</li><li>Provides robust column performance for high temperature bake outs</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_zb_1ht_3c54563ddc.webp" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron-ZB-1HT" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_zb_1ht_3c54563ddc.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="500" height="150"></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_1_HT_Inferno_54cd995dba.jpg" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron™ ZB-1HT Inferno™" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_1_HT_Inferno_54cd995dba.jpg 173w," sizes="100vw" width="651" height="587"></p><h4><strong>Recommended Use</strong></h4><p><strong>Rugged, high-temperature stability (up to 430 °C) for:</strong></p><ul><li>non-polar compounds</li><li>for high boilers</li><li>contaminants</li><li>carry-overs</li><li>high-temp bakeouts</li></ul><h4><strong>Recommended Applications</strong></h4><ul><li>High Boiling Petroleum Products</li><li>Simulated Distillation Methods</li><li>Long-Chained Hydrocarbons</li><li>High Molecular Weight Waxes</li><li>Polymers/Plastics</li><li>Motor Oils</li><li>Diesel Fuel</li></ul><h5><strong>Alternative To:</strong> Any 100 % Dimethylpolysiloxane Phase:</h5><ul><li>DB®-1ht</li><li>Rxi®-1HT</li><li>Petrocol 2887</li><li>CP-SimDist</li></ul><h3><strong>Phenomenex Zebron Inferno GC Columns</strong></h3><h4><strong>Overcome Traditional Obstacles</strong></h4><h5><strong>Challenge # 1: Short Fused Silica Column Lifetimes</strong></h5><p>Unlike Zebron™ Inferno™ GC columns, traditional fused silica columns are not equipped to handle prolonged exposure to<br>temperatures above 360 °C. At high temperatures, fused silica GC columns:</p><ul><li>Become inflexible and brittle</li><li>Break easily and cause costly replacement</li><li>Require more system downtime for maintenance</li><li>Can’t separate high molecular weight compounds</li></ul><h5><strong>Challenge # 2: Cumbersome Metal Column Tubing</strong></h5><p>Though metal columns have higher temperature limits than capillary columns, they are more difficult to use.</p><p><strong>Most metal columns:</strong></p><ul><li>Are inflexible and hard to use</li><li>Require special tubing cutters for installation</li><li>Are prone to leaks from expansion and contraction</li><li>Have active surfaces, giving poor peak shapes for acids and bases</li><li>Are incompatible with MS detectors</li></ul><h3><strong>How it works</strong></h3><p>Zebron™ Inferno™ columns offer enhanced performance where other columns fail. The two critical factors that allow for this are:</p><ul><li><h5><strong>Advanced ESC™ Bonding Technology</strong></h5></li></ul><p>At high temperature ranges, the stability of standard GC columns deteriorates, resulting in increased bleed. Zebron’s Engineered Self Cross-linking™ (ESC) bonding technology reinforces the stationary phase for enhanced column durability and extremely low bleed levels at high temperatures. <strong>The result:</strong> Inferno columns with the flexibility to perform for high temp oven ramps and bakeouts.</p><ul><li><strong>High Temperature Polyimide Coating</strong></li></ul><p>Standard polyimide resin pyrolyzes at temperatures above 360 °C, making the tubing unstable. Zebron Inferno columns use a temperature resistant polyimide resin that shows minimal thermal degradation, even at temperatures up to 430 °C*. This means longer column lifetime at elevated temperatures.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_Inferno_GC_Columns_How_it_works_d2d5658adc.jpg" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron Inferno GC Columns - How it works" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_Inferno_GC_Columns_How_it_works_d2d5658adc.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="978" height="564"></p><h3><strong>Features of Zebron Inferno GC Columns</strong></h3><h4><strong>Extremely Low Bleed for Rugged Performance</strong></h4><ul><li>Longer column lifetime</li><li>Better reproducibility</li><li>Maximum sensitivity</li><li>More accurate quantitation</li></ul><h4><strong>Increased Column Lifetime with Enhanced Durability</strong></h4><ul><li>Less instrument downtime</li><li>More productivity</li><li>Lower laboratory costs</li></ul><h5><strong>Standard GC Columns Cannot Withstand High Temperature</strong></h5><p>After prolonged exposure to temperatures above 360 °C, most traditional GC columns become brittle and inflexible, often spontaneously breaking in the middle of a run. Work is stopped in order to change out the column and perform system maintenance. Unlike these fragile columns, ZebronTM InfernoTM columns have a thermally resistant polyimide coating for longer column lifetime at temperatures up to 430 °C. As a result, you get less instrument downtime, and higher productivity.</p><h4><strong>Greater Performance for High Boiling Compounds</strong></h4><ul><li>Better peak shape</li><li>Improved separation</li><li>More analytes detected</li></ul><p>Zebron™ Inferno™ columns have the inertness and temperature stability needed to separate high molecular weight compounds. These high boilers require a thermally rugged column with low bleed levels. Inferno columns provide optimal separation of these analytes.</p>

Phenomenex Zebron ZB-35HT Inferno GC Columns

Zebron Inferno column ZB-35HT is the first non-metal, 35 % phenyl column stable to 400 ˚C.

<h4><strong>High Temperature Stability for Mid-Polarity</strong></h4><ul><li>First non-metal, 35 % phenyl columns stable to 400 ˚C</li><li>Longer lifetime with rugged high temperature, polyimide coated, fused silica tubing</li><li>Robust column for high temperature analysis</li><li>Great for high molecular weight compounds</li><li>Eliminate carry-over with high temperature bake outs</li><li>Low activity, provides good peak shape for acidic and basic samples</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_35_HT_Inferno_GC_Column_773b8b1796.webp" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron ZB-35HT Inferno GC Column" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_35_HT_Inferno_GC_Column_773b8b1796.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="500" height="150"></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_35_HT_Inferno_79e3acc7c9.jpg" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron™ ZB-35HT Inferno™" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_35_HT_Inferno_79e3acc7c9.jpg 167w," sizes="100vw" width="603" height="564"></p><h4><strong>Recommended Use</strong></h4><p><strong>Intermediate polarity with high temperature stability (up to 400 °C) for:</strong></p><ul><li>high boilers</li><li>contaminants</li><li>carry-overs</li><li>high-temp bakeouts</li></ul><h4><strong>Recommended Applications</strong></h4><ul><li>Amines</li><li>Aroclors</li><li>Chemicals</li><li>Drugs of Abuse</li><li>EPA Methods 508, 608, 8081, 8141, 8151</li><li>Pesticides</li><li>Pharmaceuticals</li><li>Semi-volatiles</li><li>Steroids</li></ul><h5><strong>Alternative to:</strong> Any 35 % Phenyl 65 % Dimethylpolysiloxane Phase:</h5><ul><li>DB®-35ms</li><li>SPB-680</li><li>MDN-35</li><li>DC-35</li><li>Rtx-35&nbsp;</li><li>SPB®-35</li><li>Rtx®-35MS</li><li>007-11</li><li>EC-35</li><li>BPX35</li><li>AT-35</li><li>HP-35ms</li><li>Sup-Herb</li><li>OV-11</li><li>HP-35</li><li>BPX608</li></ul><h3><strong>Phenomenex Zebron Inferno GC Columns</strong></h3><h4><strong>Overcome Traditional Obstacles</strong></h4><h5><strong>Challenge # 1: Short Fused Silica Column Lifetimes</strong></h5><p>Unlike Zebron™ Inferno™ GC columns, traditional fused silica columns are not equipped to handle prolonged exposure to<br>temperatures above 360 °C. At high temperatures, fused silica GC columns:</p><ul><li>Become inflexible and brittle</li><li>Break easily and cause costly replacement</li><li>Require more system downtime for maintenance</li><li>Can’t separate high molecular weight compounds</li></ul><h5><strong>Challenge # 2: Cumbersome Metal Column Tubing</strong></h5><p>Though metal columns have higher temperature limits than capillary columns, they are more difficult to use.</p><p><strong>Most metal columns:</strong></p><ul><li>Are inflexible and hard to use</li><li>Require special tubing cutters for installation</li><li>Are prone to leaks from expansion and contraction</li><li>Have active surfaces, giving poor peak shapes for acids and bases</li><li>Are incompatible with MS detectors</li></ul><h3><strong>How it works</strong></h3><p>Zebron™ Inferno™ columns offer enhanced performance where other columns fail. The two critical factors that allow for this are:</p><ul><li><h5><strong>Advanced ESC™ Bonding Technology</strong></h5></li></ul><p>At high temperature ranges, the stability of standard GC columns deteriorates, resulting in increased bleed. Zebron’s Engineered Self Cross-linking™ (ESC) bonding technology reinforces the stationary phase for enhanced column durability and extremely low bleed levels at high temperatures. <strong>The result:</strong> Inferno columns with the flexibility to perform for high temp oven ramps and bakeouts.</p><ul><li><strong>High Temperature Polyimide Coating</strong></li></ul><p>Standard polyimide resin pyrolyzes at temperatures above 360 °C, making the tubing unstable. Zebron Inferno columns use a temperature resistant polyimide resin that shows minimal thermal degradation, even at temperatures up to 430 °C*. This means longer column lifetime at elevated temperatures.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_Inferno_GC_Columns_How_it_works_d2d5658adc.jpg" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron Inferno GC Columns - How it works" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_Inferno_GC_Columns_How_it_works_d2d5658adc.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="978" height="564"></p><h3><strong>Features of Zebron Inferno GC Columns</strong></h3><h4><strong>Extremely Low Bleed for Rugged Performance</strong></h4><ul><li>Longer column lifetime</li><li>Better reproducibility</li><li>Maximum sensitivity</li><li>More accurate quantitation</li></ul><h4><strong>Increased Column Lifetime with Enhanced Durability</strong></h4><ul><li>Less instrument downtime</li><li>More productivity</li><li>Lower laboratory costs</li></ul><h5><strong>Standard GC Columns Cannot Withstand High Temperature</strong></h5><p>After prolonged exposure to temperatures above 360 °C, most traditional GC columns become brittle and inflexible, often spontaneously breaking in the middle of a run. Work is stopped in order to change out the column and perform system maintenance. Unlike these fragile columns, ZebronTM InfernoTM columns have a thermally resistant polyimide coating for longer column lifetime at temperatures up to 430 °C. As a result, you get less instrument downtime, and higher productivity.</p><h4><strong>Greater Performance for High Boiling Compounds</strong></h4><ul><li>Better peak shape</li><li>Improved separation</li><li>More analytes detected</li></ul><p>Zebron™ Inferno™ columns have the inertness and temperature stability needed to separate high molecular weight compounds. These high boilers require a thermally rugged column with low bleed levels. Inferno columns provide optimal separation of these analytes.</p>

Phenomenex Zebron ZB-5HT Inferno GC Columns

Robust column for high temperature bake outs and analysis, such as biodiesel, long-chain hydrocarbons, polymers, and high molecular weight compounds.

<h4><strong>Robust Results Up to 430 °C</strong></h4><ul><li>First non-metal columns stable to 430 °C</li><li>Robust column for high temperature bake outs and analysis, such as biodiesel, long-chain hydrocarbons, polymers, and high molecular weight compounds</li><li>Provides true boiling point separation for hydrocarbon distillation methods</li><li>Longer lifetime with rugged high temperature, polyimide coated, fused silica tubing</li><li>Low activity, provides good peak shape for acidic and basic samples</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_zb_5ht_750bf39b6e.webp" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron-ZB-5HT" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_zb_5ht_750bf39b6e.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="500" height="150"></p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:676/573;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_5_HT_Inferno_0aa668bf75.jpg" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron ZB-5HT Inferno" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_ZB_5_HT_Inferno_0aa668bf75.jpg 184w," sizes="100vw" width="676" height="573"></figure><h4><strong>Recommended Use</strong></h4><p><strong>True boiling point separation for:</strong></p><ul><li>hydrocarbon distillation methods</li><li>high boilers</li><li>contaminants or carryovers</li><li>high temperature stable (430 °C)</li></ul><h4><strong>Recommended Applications</strong></h4><ul><li>High Boiling Petroleum Products</li><li>Triglycerides</li><li>Simulated Distillation Methods</li><li>Diesel Fuel</li><li>Long-Chained Hydrocarbons</li><li>Motor Oils</li><li>Polymers/Plastics</li><li>Surfactants</li><li>High Molecular Weight Waxes</li></ul><h5><strong>Alternative to:</strong> Any 5 % Phenyl 95 % Dimethylpolysiloxane Phase:</h5><ul><li>DB-5ht</li><li>VF-5ht</li><li>HT-5&nbsp;</li><li>Stx®-5HT&nbsp;</li><li>XTI®-5HT</li></ul><h3><strong>Phenomenex Zebron Inferno GC Columns</strong></h3><h4><strong>Overcome Traditional Obstacles</strong></h4><h5><strong>Challenge # 1: Short Fused Silica Column Lifetimes</strong></h5><p>Unlike Zebron™ Inferno™ GC columns, traditional fused silica columns are not equipped to handle prolonged exposure to<br>temperatures above 360 °C. At high temperatures, fused silica GC columns:</p><ul><li>Become inflexible and brittle</li><li>Break easily and cause costly replacement</li><li>Require more system downtime for maintenance</li><li>Can’t separate high molecular weight compounds</li></ul><h5><strong>Challenge # 2: Cumbersome Metal Column Tubing</strong></h5><p>Though metal columns have higher temperature limits than capillary columns, they are more difficult to use.</p><p><strong>Most metal columns:</strong></p><ul><li>Are inflexible and hard to use</li><li>Require special tubing cutters for installation</li><li>Are prone to leaks from expansion and contraction</li><li>Have active surfaces, giving poor peak shapes for acids and bases</li><li>Are incompatible with MS detectors</li></ul><h3><strong>How it works</strong></h3><p>Zebron™ Inferno™ columns offer enhanced performance where other columns fail. The two critical factors that allow for this are:</p><ul><li><h5><strong>Advanced ESC™ Bonding Technology</strong></h5></li></ul><p>At high temperature ranges, the stability of standard GC columns deteriorates, resulting in increased bleed. Zebron’s Engineered Self Cross-linking™ (ESC) bonding technology reinforces the stationary phase for enhanced column durability and extremely low bleed levels at high temperatures. <strong>The result:</strong> Inferno columns with the flexibility to perform for high temp oven ramps and bakeouts.</p><ul><li><strong>High Temperature Polyimide Coating</strong></li></ul><p>Standard polyimide resin pyrolyzes at temperatures above 360 °C, making the tubing unstable. Zebron Inferno columns use a temperature resistant polyimide resin that shows minimal thermal degradation, even at temperatures up to 430 °C*. This means longer column lifetime at elevated temperatures.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Phenomenex_Zebron_Inferno_GC_Columns_How_it_works_d2d5658adc.jpg" alt="Phenomenex: Zebron Inferno GC Columns - How it works" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Phenomenex_Zebron_Inferno_GC_Columns_How_it_works_d2d5658adc.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="978" height="564"></p><h3><strong>Features of Zebron Inferno GC Columns</strong></h3><h4><strong>Extremely Low Bleed for Rugged Performance</strong></h4><ul><li>Longer column lifetime</li><li>Better reproducibility</li><li>Maximum sensitivity</li><li>More accurate quantitation</li></ul><h4><strong>Increased Column Lifetime with Enhanced Durability</strong></h4><ul><li>Less instrument downtime</li><li>More productivity</li><li>Lower laboratory costs</li></ul><h5><strong>Standard GC Columns Cannot Withstand High Temperature</strong></h5><p>After prolonged exposure to temperatures above 360 °C, most traditional GC columns become brittle and inflexible, often spontaneously breaking in the middle of a run. Work is stopped in order to change out the column and perform system maintenance. Unlike these fragile columns, ZebronTM InfernoTM columns have a thermally resistant polyimide coating for longer column lifetime at temperatures up to 430 °C. As a result, you get less instrument downtime, and higher productivity.</p><h4><strong>Greater Performance for High Boiling Compounds</strong></h4><ul><li>Better peak shape</li><li>Improved separation</li><li>More analytes detected</li></ul><p>Zebron™ Inferno™ columns have the inertness and temperature stability needed to separate high molecular weight compounds. These high boilers require a thermally rugged column with low bleed levels. Inferno columns provide optimal separation of these analytes.</p>

Related content

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 33, 2026

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Graphene nanomaterial developed in Olomouc recognised among Europe’s most promising innovations