<h4>1 - What is fitness for purpose?&nbsp;</h4>The test meets the necessary performance criteria for a clinical binary examination to ensure it is suitable for making accurate and reliable clinical decisions in the intended patient population. Among others, performance criteria include clinical sensitivity and clinical specificity.&nbsp;<h4>2 - How to assess clinical performance?&nbsp;</h4>Assessing the clinical performance of a binary examination, stating results as 'positive' or 'negative,' involves calculating the examination's Clinical Sensitivity and Clinical Specificity. From the physician's point of view, clinical performance is evaluated by using predictive values, i.e., how likely is it that a positive or negative result corresponds to the presence or absence of the condition, which is also influenced by the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested.&nbsp;<h4>3 - What is Clinical Sensitivity?&nbsp;</h4>Clinical sensitivity (SS), also known as the True Positive Rate, measures the proportion of true positives correctly identified by the test. Data from a group of subjects who have been confirmed to have the disease or condition through diagnosis or a gold standard test (D1 in Table 1) are needed to calculate clinical sensitivity.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Table_1_2x2_Contingency_table_for_clinical_diagnosis_241735a171.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Table 1. 2x2 Contingency table for clinical diagnosis." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Table_1_2x2_Contingency_table_for_clinical_diagnosis_241735a171.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1401" height="461">The formula for clinical sensitivity is:&nbsp;SS = tp / (tp + fn), with:&nbsp;<ul><li>tp, True Positives are the cases where the test correctly identifies the presence of the disease.&nbsp;</li><li>fn, False Negatives are the cases where the test incorrectly identifies the absence of the disease when it is actually present.&nbsp;</li></ul>Table 1 represents the components of clinical sensitivity and specificity. Figure 1 illustrates an example of the overlapping of the number of components. The symbol "∩" represents the intersection of groups. For example, D1∩n denotes the set of negative results obtained for known positive cases, i.e., false negatives.<h4>4 - What is Clinical Specificity?&nbsp;</h4>Clinical Specificity (SP), also known as the True Negative Rate, measures the proportion of true negatives correctly identified by the test. Data from a group of subjects who have been confirmed not to have the disease or condition through a gold standard test (D0 in Table 1) are needed to calculate clinical specificity.The formula for clinical specificity is:&nbsp;SP = tn / (tn + fp), where:&nbsp;<ul><li>tn, True Negatives are the cases where the test correctly identifies the absence of the disease.&nbsp;</li><li>fp, False Positives are the cases where the test incorrectly identifies the presence of the disease when it is actually absent.&nbsp;</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Figure_1_Graphical_representation_of_an_example_of_85ab82a16b.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Figure 1. Graphical representation of an example of tp (D1∩p), tn (D0∩n), fn (D1∩n), and fp (D0∩p). " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Figure_1_Graphical_representation_of_an_example_of_85ab82a16b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1300" height="736"><h4>5 - How to calculate the uncertainty of clinical sensitivity and specificity?</h4>Calculating clinical sensitivity and specificity uncertainty involves statistical methods that estimate each parameter's confidence interval (CI). These intervals provide a range of values within which the true sensitivity or specificity is expected to lie with a certain level of confidence, typically 95 %. Please refer to the AQA:2021 for information about statistical models to compute the 95 % CI [1].<h4>6 - How to define targets?&nbsp;</h4>Target minimum values for clinical sensitivity and specificity should be identified. These values may originate from regulations or criteria based on the intended use of the binary results. A target or minimum value for the lower limit of the 95 % CI for result rate, i.e., SS or SP, (LLSS.95 or LLSP.95) or the upper limit of the 95 % CI for result rate (HLSS.95 or HLSS.95) should also be defined according to the purpose of the analysis. The target or minimum value (LLSStg or LLSPtg) is particularly significant when the impact of false results is critical. For example, for blood components used in transfusions, the screening for infectious diseases should be performed with tests associated with an LLSS.95 close to 100 %.&nbsp;Figure 2 illustrates five different tests, each assessed for clinical sensitivity and its associated uncertainty. These cases reflect different levels of compliance with a target sensitivity of 0.5. Case 1 is non-compliant, Cases 2 to 4 are partially compliant, and Case 5 is compliant. From a simplified statistical power view, the laboratory should always take into account the minimum number of samples when defining its target. This number can be estimated by simulation. For example, for a clinical sensitivity of 90 % the evaluation will require a minimum of 10 samples. It should be emphasized that samples must be representative of the target population for a clinical power evaluation - for example, epidemiologically representative samples of the types and subtypes of a given virological agent are required.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Figure_2_Compliance_assessment_with_clinical_sensitivity_a21ece043c.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Figure 2. Compliance assessment with clinical sensitivity uncertainty using the lower 95% confidence interval limit for five performance assessment scenarios. " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Figure_2_Compliance_assessment_with_clinical_sensitivity_a21ece043c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="648">

Performance Assessment of Binary Output Examinations in Medical Laboratories

🎤 Presenter: Wenjing Ma (University of Washington)💾 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/paper/32777">PDF presentation</a><h3>Abstract</h3>Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus are major pathogens found in the lungs of Cystic fibrosis patients. Their coexistence worsens lung function and leads to poor clinical outcomes. To investigate their metabolic interactions, we analyzed the volatile space of P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus using <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?instrumentationItems=2-3-13-7">SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS</a> across four sample classes: Media, P. aeruginosa monoculture, A. fumigatus monoculture, and their co-culture. GC×GC-TOFMS provides high-resolution, high-sensitivity separation of complex metabolomic samples, but it also generates high-dimensional data that can be challenging to analyze.&nbsp;Therefore, feature selection and chemometric methods are essential to extract meaningful information. Additionally, peak table alignment issues due to retention time shifting across samples can in principle hinder the comparative analysis of multiple samples. Hence, we applied tile-based Fisher-ratio analysis using ChromaTOF Tile software to discover analytes that are statistically significant in concentration differences across samples with replicates while minimizing retention-time shifts. This platform generates a comprehensive hit list that links detected analytes across all samples. In summary, our study integrated tile-based analysis to generate a comprehensive peak table that relates all analytes in all samples in terms of up and down regulation of their concentrations. With further analyte identification, we have characterized analytes specific to each sample class to ultimately learn more about Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus pathogens and their co-culture.<h3>Video Transcription</h3>In this study, Wenjing Ma from the University of Washington presents a data-driven approach for analyzing complex GC×GC–MS datasets, with a focus on volatile metabolites produced by clinically relevant microorganisms. The research centers on the interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus, two pathogens commonly found in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. Their co-existence is known to correlate with worse clinical outcomes, making the understanding of their metabolic interplay particularly important.The main objective of the work is to identify metabolites that differ significantly between monocultures and co-cultures, thereby revealing biochemical interactions that may influence disease progression.<h4>Experimental Approach</h4>The experimental design includes four distinct sample classes: a media control, monocultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus, and their co-culture. Samples were prepared using a microfluidic platform and analyzed via headspace sampling, enabling the capture of volatile compounds released during growth.To characterize these samples, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/37">GC×GC–TOF-MS</a>) was employed. This technique provides high acquisition speed and full mass spectral information, allowing detailed chemical characterization. However, it also generates extremely complex datasets. A single chromatogram may contain up to a million data points, and when multiple samples are considered, the data effectively become four-dimensional. Such complexity makes direct manual interpretation impractical.<h4>Data Processing Strategy</h4>Traditional approaches to data reduction, such as generating peak tables or averaging chromatograms, present significant limitations. Peak alignment can be compromised by retention time shifts, while averaging can reduce resolution through peak broadening. To overcome these issues, the study applies a tile-based feature selection strategy built on statistical analysis.The chromatographic space is divided into small regions, referred to as tiles, and each tile is evaluated using a statistical metric that compares variability between sample classes to variability within classes. This approach allows the identification of features that show the greatest differences across experimental conditions. Importantly, the method is extended to two-dimensional chromatographic data and applied across individual mass channels, enabling a highly detailed and systematic analysis.The workflow is implemented using <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/348">Chromatof Tile software</a>, which produces ranked lists of statistically significant features and supports visualization tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) plots for confirming class separation.<h4>Results and Interpretation</h4>Initial inspection of raw chromatograms reveals that while the media control exhibits relatively low signal intensity, the biological samples show highly complex and overlapping patterns. Differences between monocultures and co-cultures are not readily apparent without advanced data processing.Using tile-based analysis, hundreds of statistically significant features were identified. These features provide insight into metabolic behavior. For example, compounds that are abundant in the media but reduced in biological samples are likely being consumed by the organisms. Conversely, compounds that are elevated in specific cultures may represent metabolites produced by one organism or influenced by microbial interaction.The reproducibility of the experimental setup is supported by consistent signal patterns across replicates, indicating reliable sample preparation and data acquisition.<h4>Statistical Evaluation</h4>To further refine the interpretation, pairwise statistical comparisons were performed between all sample classes. This enables identification of specific differences between monocultures and co-cultures, highlighting which metabolites are associated with individual organisms and which are affected by their interaction.The results suggest that certain metabolites are dominant in Pseudomonas aeruginosa monocultures but are altered in co-culture conditions, indicating potential biological competition or suppression mechanisms.<h4>Alternative Approach for Limited Data</h4>Recognizing that biological replicates are not always available in practice, the study also explores an alternative strategy based on the coefficient of variation (CV). This method allows meaningful analysis even when only a single replicate per condition is available, making it particularly valuable for high-throughput or resource-limited experiments.By applying this approach, the researchers were able to identify metabolites showing significant changes across conditions, including compounds uniquely produced or suppressed in specific cultures. One example includes the identification of 1-octen-3-ol, a known fungal metabolite, which serves as validation of the analytical workflow.<h4>Discussion</h4>A key outcome of this work is the demonstration that the choice of statistical method must be aligned with the experimental design. When sufficient replicates are available, variance-based methods provide robust results. In contrast, when data are limited, alternative metrics such as the coefficient of variation offer a practical solution. Additional approaches, such as fold-change analysis, can further enhance interpretation by focusing on relative differences between conditions.The tile-based framework proves particularly effective for handling the complexity of GC×GC–MS data, enabling the extraction of meaningful biological information without compromising resolution.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This study highlights the power of advanced data processing strategies in modern analytical chemistry. Tile-based statistical analysis enables the systematic exploration of highly complex datasets and provides valuable insights into microbial metabolism and interaction. The approach is flexible, scalable, and adaptable to different experimental constraints, making it a strong candidate for broader application in metabolomics and environmental analysis.<h4>Future Perspectives</h4>Future work will focus on integrating chemometric tools to improve compound identification and expanding the analytical framework to support more comprehensive, multi-method data analysis.<blockquote>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</blockquote>

Implementing Tile-Based Fisher Ratio Analysis of GC×GC-TOFMS Data to Obtain a Master Peak Table of All Detected Analyte Compounds in Many Petroleum-Based Samples (Wenjing Ma, MDCW 2026)

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 30th March 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, brochure by Shimadzu and presentation by MDCW / LECO!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Extraction and Analysis of Pesticides from Water by Solid Phase Extraction and GC/MS</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_extraction_analysis_pesticides_water_gcms_5994_8996en_agilent_28fc35d0e7.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Drinking water is defined as water intended for human consumption obtained from different sources. Several guidelines/regulations exist for ensuring that undesirable substances such as pesticides are not present in excessive amounts that may be harmful to human health. These regulations ensure that water intended for human consumption can be consumed safely. In India, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has set regulatory limits for residual pesticides in drinking water (IS 10500)1 , packaged drinking water (IS 14543)2 , and natural mineral water (IS 13428).3 A total of 26 pesticides are regulated by BIS standards, of which four compounds (monocrotophos, phorate, 2,4-D, and isoproturon) are more suitable for analysis by liquid chromatography.&nbsp;EPA Method 525.2 is a general-purpose method for determination of organic compounds in finished drinking water or water from any source or treatment stage.4 This method is applicable to a range of organic compounds that are partitioned from the water sample onto a C18 organic phase packed in a disk or cartridge. The organic compounds are then eluted using a suitable eluent, concentrated, and analyzed by GC/MS.&nbsp;This application note describes the use of EPA Method 525.2 for extraction of pesticide residues at trace levels in water using solid-phase extraction (Agilent Bond Elut C18: Straight barrel cartridges, p/n 12102118) and analysis using Agilent 8890-5977 GC/MS.&nbsp;Excellent linearity with R2 &gt; 0.995 was obtained for all pesticides considered for the study. Recoveries were obtained in the range of 80–120% with associated RSDs &lt; 15% at 0.005–0.080 ng/mL level of fortification.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>Instrument parameters</h5><ul><li>GC: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=8890">Agilent 8890</a></li><li>Column: Agilent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=J%26W+HP-5ms">J&amp;W HP-5ms</a> UI 30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm&nbsp;</li><li>Carrier Gas: Helium, constant flow, 1.2 mL/min&nbsp;</li><li>Inlet: Agilent Multimode Inlet (MMI)</li><li>MS: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=5977">5977 GC/MS</a></li></ul><h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>A simple, easy, and efficient method based on EPA 525.2 was implemented for the determination of 22 pesticides in water. The method demonstrated good sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, and allows for rapid analysis. The results demonstrate that pesticide residues can be detected below the current maximum residue levels (MRL) required by the BIS specifications. Acceptable recoveries and precision were obtained at concentrations as low as 5 ng/L for all pesticides. The method is ideally suited for use in a regulatory laboratory for the determination of pesticides in surface, drinking, and packaged drinking water.<h3>2. MDCW / LECO: Exploring PFAS in Consumer Goods Using GCxGC and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry</h3><ul><li>Presentation</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/O_3_Alonso_6f61e3ea43.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used in consumer and industrial products due to their unique physicochemical properties, but their persistence and potential health risks have made their detection increasingly important. This study focuses on developing an untargeted analytical approach for screening PFAS and related compounds in consumer goods using advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques.The analytical workflow combines gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution TOFMS (GC×GC-HRTOFMS), using systems such as the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/1097">LECO Pegasus® BTX </a>and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/38">Pegasus® HRT+</a> platforms. Sample introduction is performed via thermal desorption or pyrolysis, enabling analysis of both volatile and complex matrices. High-resolution MS provides accurate mass measurements and elemental composition, which are essential for identifying unknown compounds and reducing matrix interferences.In the first case study, anti-fog solutions were analyzed and found to contain a wide range of compounds, including fluorotelomer alcohols and related PFAS species. While GC-TOFMS enabled initial screening, high-resolution TOFMS was necessary to characterize unknown compounds through accurate mass determination and complementary ionization techniques (EI and PCI). This approach allowed tentative structural assignment using external databases, demonstrating the importance of HRMS in identifying compounds not present in standard libraries.The second case study focused on chewing gum, a highly complex matrix with diverse chemical constituents and trace-level analytes. The use of GC×GC-HRTOFMS significantly improved chromatographic separation and spectral clarity, enabling detailed profiling of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. A dedicated PFAS screening workflow based on mass defect analysis and spectral filtering was applied, leveraging the characteristic CF₂ patterns of PFAS molecules to simplify data interpretation.Despite the complexity of the sample, no PFAS were detected in the chewing gum, its packaging, or the box. Overall, the study demonstrates that combining GC×GC separation, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and advanced data processing tools provides a powerful and reliable strategy for untargeted PFAS screening in complex consumer products, particularly when unknown or emerging contaminants are of concern.<h3>3. Shimadzu: Gas Chromatograph Nexis GC-2060</h3><ul><li>Brochure</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/c184_e056_06c3456516.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>The Shimadzu <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=Nexis+GC-2060">Nexis GC-2060</a> represents a new generation of gas chromatographs, built on over 70 years of GC development and designed to serve as a flexible and future-proof analytical platform. It integrates the concept of Analytical Intelligence, which enables automated system monitoring, troubleshooting, and optimization, helping both experienced and less experienced users achieve reliable and consistent results. The system is highly configurable, supporting up to two injectors, three injection units, and four detectors simultaneously, allowing a single instrument to cover multiple analytical applications.A key advantage of the Nexis GC-2060 is its versatility in sample introduction and detection. The Multi-Mode Injection Unit (MMI) supports a wide range of injection techniques, including split/splitless, PTV, direct injection, large-volume injection (LVI), and thermal desorption, significantly reducing the need for complex sample preparation. The system is also equipped with next-generation detectors such as FID and TCD, offering high sensitivity, stability, and linearity, with additional detector options (ECD, FPD, FTD, BID) enabling broad application coverage.The instrument is designed to maximize laboratory efficiency and minimize downtime. Features such as tool-free column installation (ClickTek), automated startup/shutdown, Easy sTop maintenance mode, and Clean Pilot for automated column conditioning simplify routine operation and reduce manual intervention. In addition, Eco Idling technology automatically optimizes gas and power consumption during standby, significantly lowering operational costs while maintaining readiness for analysis.From an analytical performance perspective, the Nexis GC-2060 delivers excellent reproducibility and sensitivity, supported by advanced autosamplers (e.g., AOC-30) and compatibility with third-party systems. The platform supports hydrogen carrier gas for faster analysis and includes smart gas management features such as automatic gas switching. Its modular design allows seamless integration with various sample preparation systems, autosamplers, and detectors, ensuring adaptability to evolving laboratory needs.Overall, the Nexis GC-2060 combines high performance, operational efficiency, and flexibility in a single platform, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including pharmaceutical analysis, environmental testing, food analysis, and energy-related measurements. Its scalability and continuous software updates ensure long-term usability and alignment with future analytical requirements.<h3>4. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Accurate multi-component blast furnace gas analysis maximizes iron production and minimizes coke consumption</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/epm_AN_Iron_Production_Prima_PRO_bd5de98b44.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Over a billion tonnes of iron a year are produced in blast furnaces, representing around 94% of global iron production¹. The blast furnace consists of a large steel stack, lined with refractory brick. Iron ore, coke and limestone are dropped into the top of the furnace and preheated air blown into the bottom through nozzles called ‘Tuyeres’. Iron oxides are reduced in the melting zone, or ‘Bosh’, forming liquid iron (called ‘hot metal’) and liquid slag. These liquid products are drained from the furnace at regular intervals, and the blast furnace will run continuously for several years, until the refractory lining needs replacing.Analysis of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) give vital information on the efficiency of the reduction processes. Historically, two non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzers were used, one to measure CO, the other CO₂. Additional discrete analyzers were required to monitor oxygen and hydrogen – typically paramagnetic O₂ analyzers and thermal conductivity analyzers for H₂.&nbsp;Thermo Scientific™ process mass spectrometers have been widely used for many years for key gas analysis applications in iron and steel plants, including blast furnace, basic oxygen steelmaking, coke oven gas analysis, secondary steel process control, fuel gas analysis and direct reduction iron processes²<h4>Process control requirements&nbsp;</h4>The advantages of process MS over conventional analysis techniques have been proven over many years in the iron and steel industry. The ability to measure a wide range of components on a single analyzer, coupled with advanced calibration, data transmission, and self-diagnostic software, makes the modern mass spectrometer ideal for integration into the modern plant. On blast furnaces, superior gas analysis is being used to calculate gas efficiency, mass and heat balances, and heat profiles through probe analysis, as well as being an essential tool in the early detection of cooling water leaks and sample system failures.&nbsp;Figure 2 shows 64 hours of data from a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2305">Thermo Scientific™ Prima™ PRO Process MS</a> monitoring the six gases in a blast furnace top gas every 10 seconds. The pulse every 12 hours is generated by an automatic nitrogen blowback from the sample conditioning system, to keep the sample probe clear of particulates.<h4>Hydrogen analysis&nbsp;</h4>An increase in the hydrogen level in the furnace can indicate a leak from the furnace cooling system, as water dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen in the furnace. This has implications both for plant efficiency and plant safety. Water leaks will lower the furnace temperature, causing heat loss and a consequent increase in fuel consumption. In extreme cases, damage to plant and personnel can be caused by ignition of these hazardous mixtures of explosive gases.&nbsp;Figure 4 shows a plot of top gas hydrogen concentration measured by Thermo Scientific process MS over a 24-hour period, with the departure of the measured H2 value from that predicted by the mass balance model indicating a water leak. This leak was caused by the failure of a cooling member, and the furnace was taken off blast for repair. The mass spectrometer’s ability to provide fast, accurate hydrogen analysis removes the need for an additional discrete analyzer.&nbsp;Gas composition measurement is particularly important during the end-of-campaign blowdown that takes place prior to rebuilds and relines, because explosive gas mixtures can be generated.&nbsp;<h4>Probe analysis&nbsp;</h4>The fast analysis provided by MS offers another significant advantage over discrete analyzers—a number of process streams can be analyzed using a single instrument. This is achieved using a fully automated multi-inlet system, designed to switch between sample streams at high speeds with minimal sample flushing times. For example, as well as furnace top gas, the MS can also analyze gases from probes placed above and below the burden (the furnace charge of iron ore, coke and limestone). These are known as above-burden and sub-burden probes and provide valuable information on fuel efficiency, iron conversion and furnace charging. Figure 5 shows a schematic of these two probes; they can be moved across the furnace to build a cross-sectional profile of the furnace.<h4>Summary&nbsp;</h4>Thermo Scientific process mass spectrometers have been successfully monitoring blast furnace off gas at many of the world’s iron and steel companies for over 30 years. For a blast furnace producing 5,000 tonnes a day, a reduction in coke consumption of just 10 kg per tonne of iron produced provides a payback of over $10,000 a day. Users report that the combination of fast, accurate MS gas analysis for gas efficiency, heat and mass balances and hydrogen analysis, with advanced process control and mathematical modeling, has reduced coke consumption by up to 100 kg per tonne and increased iron production. Upgrading to Prima PRO MS can therefore result in complete installation payback within a few weeks.&nbsp;<ul><li>Reduces coke consumption&nbsp;</li><li>Produces consistent quality iron&nbsp;</li><li>Reduces downstream processing costs&nbsp;</li><li>Detects water leaks fast&nbsp;</li><li>Improves thermal control of furnace&nbsp;</li><li>Enables safer operation during blowdown</li></ul>

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 14, 2026

Article

Application

Academy

Video

Presentation

The Multidimensional Chromatography (MDC) Workshop draws experts in this exciting field to share and discuss their research.

The Multidimensional Chromatography Workshop

Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

Eurachem

Everything from the world of analytical chemistry in one place. We connect people in solving their problems. At Labrulez you will find all the necessary information easily, quickly and clearly. Stop searching and start finding.

LabRulez

The Analytical Scientist

Agilent Technologies

Technology Networks

Shimadzu Corporation

Waters Corporation

E&amp;L compounds span a range from volatile or semi volatile to nonvolatile and elemental. No single analytical tool can analyze all E&amp;Ls. Whether you are scouting or conducting a targeted screening, suspect screening, or nontargeted screening, Agilent can help with a wide range of analytical technologies and years of expertise for the accurate identification and quantification of potential E&amp;Ls.
Register now and attend this webinar to learn:
<ol>
<li>Latest trends &amp; applications in E&amp;L analysis
</li>
<li>Advanced GC/MS | GC/HR-MS based workflows and solutions offered by Agilent
</li>
<li>Role of statistical analysis in extractable profiling
</li>
<li>Regulatory landscape in E&amp;L analysis
</li>
<li>Understanding the quantitation approach
</li>
</ol>
*Register for all the webinars and get complementary access to The experts guide to Pharmaceutical Impurity Analysis e-book.
<blockquote>
Presenter: Dr. Kuldeep Sharma (Sales Development Manager - Pharma, Agilent Technologies)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Kuldeep Sharma has over 19 years of experience in area/s of Bioanalytical research, Drug metabolism &amp; pharmacokinetics and Pharma regulatory compliance. He has accomplished PhD in Biotechnology. His professional journey covers over 12 years in Analytical research (associated with R&amp;D’s of Zydus Cadila, Lambda, Pliva and Jubilant Biosys) and last 7 years in analytical instruments sales, marketing &amp; business development. With over 21 research articles published in international Journals, He presents convention of continues learning.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Dr. Soma Dasgupta (Application Engineer - GC/MS, Agilent Technologies)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
With over 17 years of extensive experience in gas chromatography, Dr. Soma has explored diverse facets of this analytical technique, addressing inquiries across various sectors, from ensuring food safety to advancing pharmaceutical analyses. Her academic journey includes doctoral research at the University of Pune, where her focus was on developing comprehensive methods for analyzing agro-chemicals in fruits and vegetables.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Previously, having served as a Field Application Specialist for three years, she honed her expertise in the practical applications of gas chromatography. Since joining Agilent Technologies, she have been an integral part of a dynamic team dedicated to providing solutions that cater to our customers&#39; analytical needs. Her specialization encompasses multi-residue method development, with a specific focus on pesticides and environmental applications, as well as expertise in identifying genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Throughout her career, She has contributed significantly to the field, with a portfolio of more than 25 publications, application notes, and a book chapter.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Mr. Ankush Sharma (Regional Marketing Program Manager- APAC (Pharma &amp; Biopharma), Agilent Technologies)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Ankush Sharma is a seasoned professional with over 12 years of extensive experience in sales and marketing across the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical sectors. His professional journey commenced with a strong educational foundation, earning a Master&#39;s degree in Biotechnology. Building upon this knowledge, he furthered his academic pursuits by obtaining a Master&#39;s in Business Administration with a specialization in Sales and Marketing, demonstrating his commitment to blending scientific understanding with strategic business acumen. For the past five years, he has been an integral part of Agilent, serving as the Regional Marketing Program Manager for the India and now Asia-Pacific (APAC) region for Pharma and Biopharma Markets. 
</blockquote>

Agilent: Advanced GC/MS | GC/HR-MS Based Workflow for Extractable and Leachable Analysis

Advanced GC/MS | GC/HR-MS Based Workflow for Extractable and Leachable Analysis

Agilent can help with a wide range of analytical technologies and years of expertise for the accurate identification and quantification of potential E&Ls.

GC/MS | GC/HRMS for Extractables and Leachables

<ul>
<li>Discuss what GC-MS/MS is and what applicaitons it is used for (Dioxins, POPs, etc.)
</li>
<li>Transition into an overview of APGC as a solution
</li>
<li>Discuss challenges or limitations of the current GC/MS/MS technology
</li>
<li>Share why using nitrogen as a carrier gas for GC/MS/MS analysis is optimal
</li>
</ul>
Webinar Learning Objectives:
<ul>
<li>Understanding GC-MS/MS and Its Applications:- Discuss the principles of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and its role in analytical chemistry.- Explore specific applications of GC-MS/MS, including its use in detecting dioxins, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and other environmental contaminants.
</li>
<li>Introduction to APGC (Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography):-. Provide an overview of Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography (APGC) as an alternative solution to traditional GC-MS/MS.- Highlight the advantages and unique features of APGC, such as improved sensitivity, reduced matrix effects, and enhanced selectivity.
</li>
<li>Challenges and Innovations in GC-MS/MS Technology:- Identify the current challenges and limitations faced by GC-MS/MS technology.- Discuss recent innovations and advancements aimed at overcoming these challenges.- Emphasize the importance of using nitrogen as a carrier gas for GC-MS/MS analysis, considering its inertness, availability, and compatibility with various detectors.
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Prtesenter: Frank Dorman (Senior Principal Market Development Mgr, Waters Corporation)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Frank Dorman is currently Senior Principal Market Development Manager for Waters focusing on their global environmental business and, concurrently, a Resident Scholar in the Chemistry Department at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH where he is active in teaching analytical chemistry to undergraduates and graduate students.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
In his role at Waters, Frank manages the research-focused environmental market, external collaborations, and interfaces with R&amp;D for new product development. Prior to this, Frank was an Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) sat Penn State University in University Park, PA. At Penn State, Frank served as a member of the Graduate Faculty in: Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology (BMMB), Chemistry (CHEM), Biogeochemistry (BGC) and the Forensic Science Program (FRNSC) and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis. Franks scientific interests are in gas and liquid chromatography and fundamental characterization, instrumentation and column development, as well as mass spectrometry and atomic spectroscopy as applied to trace analysis in complex sample matrices.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Sarah Dowd (Principal Mass Spectrometry Applications Specialist, Waters Corporation)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Sarah Dowd joined Waters as a mass spectrometry application specialist in 2015 after earning her PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
In her eight years at Waters in the Americas application lab, Sarah has collaborated with many customers looking to expand the MS capabilities of their laboratories with Water&#39;s instruments and software. Specializing in analyses in food, environmental, and polymeric materials characterization, she has done extensive work looking at environmental contaminants with tandem quadrupole and high resolution mass spectrometers.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
One of the hot topics for the past couple of years is the analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and Sarah has collaborated with customers and other scientists within Waters to guide the next phase of PFAS testing with Waters mass spectrometry systems.
</blockquote>

Waters Corporation: APGC Roundtable: Unveiling the Pathways of GC-MS/MS Evolution

APGC Roundtable: Unveiling the Pathways of GC-MS/MS Evolution

Discuss what GC-MS/MS is and what applicaitons it is used for (Dioxins, POPs, etc.)

APGC Roundtable: Unveiling the Pathways of GC-MS/MS Evo

<h4>The Waters 2024 Virtual Summer School - An Educational Journey to Master Food &amp; Environmental Analysis</h4>Unlock the full potential of LC-MS techniques with our immersive and educational sessions at the Waters Virtual F&amp;E Late Summer School 2024. From September 24th to 26th, engage with leading experts and discover cutting-edge methods for environmental and food analysis.<h5>Why attend?</h5><ul><li>Comprehensive Learning: Dive deep into advanced LC-MS techniques and gain practical knowledge to enhance your laboratory's analytical capabilities.</li><li>Expert Insights: Learn from industry leaders and gain firsthand experience through detailed modules on chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation.</li><li>Regulatory Compliance: Stay ahead with the latest insights on EU regulations for PFAS analysis in food and water, ensuring your lab meets stringent standards.</li></ul><h3>Episode #4: Chromatography - APGC | F&amp;E Summer School - Day 1 - Module 4</h3>Discover the advantages of GC coupled to MS under atmospheric pressure (Atmospheric Pressure GC/ APGC) as a powerful alternative to electron ionization (EI) for GC-MS. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the APGC technology and its operational principles. Explore why APGC offers higher sensitivity, selectivity, and robustness compared to traditional EI methods. Maximize versatility and efficiency by understanding how to achieve both LC and GC capabilities on the same MS system as well as using nitrogen as an alternative carrier gas.<h5>What you'll learn:</h5><ul><li>How APGC works</li><li>Enhanced performance over classic EI-GC</li><li>Ease of use and implementation in the lab</li><li>Usage of nitrogen as GC carrier gas</li></ul><blockquote>Presenter:&nbsp;Frank L. Dorman, PhD, FRSC (Principal Environmental Market Manager, Waters Corporation)Frank Dorman is currently Senior Business Development Manager for Waters focusing on their global environmental business and, concurrently, Associate Professor (adjunct) in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) at Penn State University in University Park, PA. In his role at Waters, Frank manages the research-focused environmental market, external collaborations and also interfaces with R&amp;D for new product development. Prior to Waters, Frank was employed full-time as a tenure-line Faculty member of Penn State and served as a member of the Graduate Faculty in: Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology (BMMB), Chemistry (CHEM) and the Programs in Forensics Science (FRNSC), and Biogeochemistry (BGC). Frank is also a member of the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis at Penn State. Frank’s scientific interests are in gas and liquid chromatography fundamental characterization, instrumentation and column development, as well and mass spectrometry and atomic spectroscopy as applied to trace analysis in complex sample matrices. This work is directed towards environmental forensics, traditional forensic chemistry and where environmental exposure events may contribute to human disease; an area sometimes referred to as “exposomics”.Prior to joining the faculty at PSU, Frank was at Restek Corporation for 14 years as the Director of Technical Development, and R&amp;D Senior Chemist. During most of this same time, Frank was also an Adjunct Research Professor at Juniata College where he maintained an active undergraduate research program. Prior to that he was at Inchcape Testing Services for 5 years as a Senior Chemist, Organics Section Manager for Sample Preparation and Corporate Methods Development Chemist. As such, Frank has extensive experience in both the Industrial and Academic sectors giving him a relatively rare combination of skills and experience.Presenter:&nbsp;Janitha De-Alwis (Senior Applications Chemist, European Applications Team, Food and Environmental, Waters Corporation)JD has worked in the chromatography industry for over 10 years and has recently joined Waters Corporation as a senior applications chemist. Prior to joining Waters, JD managed a group at a leading food research and contract organisation. Here, JD helped the food, drink and associated industriesproactivelyand reactively in the area of chemical toxins.As a senior applications chemist, JD now develops new applications with Waters technologies and helps customers with their critical analytical challenges.</blockquote>

Waters Corporation: The Waters 2024 Virtual Summer School

Chromatography - APGC

Discover the advantages of GC coupled to MS under atmospheric pressure (APGC) as a powerful alternative to electron ionization (EI) for GC-MS.

This session will provide a comprehensive introduction to the user interface, ensuring you can navigate with ease. Discover the various acquisition modes available and learn how to select the best one for your specific application.Additionally, we will explore the innovative Intelligent Reflex feature, highlighting its benefits in boosting your productivity.Whether you’re new to MassHunter or looking to refine your skills, this webinar is designed to enhance your understanding and efficiency.<blockquote>Presenter: Christian Hegmanns (Application Specialist LC/MS, Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany)Christian Hegmanns is a state-certified food chemist and works at Agilent as an LC/MS application specialist.With over 10 years of experience in the field of instrumental analysis, Christian develops customer-oriented solutions for a variety of applications with a focus on food analysis.</blockquote>

Agilent Technologies: MassHunter Masterclass Months

MassHunter Acquisition Q-TOF Part I – Basic Overview

Join us for an insightful webinar where we delve into the essentials of MassHunter Acquisition Q-TOF. 

This webinar will guide you through optimizing your Q-TOF for superior data quality by selecting the most suitable tune mode for your samples.We will delve into various MS acquisition modes, including MS only, All Ions (QRAI), Auto MS/MS (directed MS/MS; targeted MS/MS), and PRM mode.Learn how to fine-tune method settings to enhance your data quality and achieve the best analytical results. Whether you’re a seasoned user or new to QTOF, this session will provide valuable insights to elevate your mass spectrometry.<blockquote>Presenter: &nbsp;Stefan Schaebler (Application Specialist LC/MS, Agilent Technologies)Stefan completed his PhD in Biology, specializing in LC-MS-based lipidomics and metabolomics. Following his doctoral studies, he joined Agilent Technologies as an LC/MS Application Specialist. In this role, Stefan focuses on small molecule applications using LC-QTOF, with a strong emphasis on software tools and data interpretation.</blockquote>

MassHunter Acquisition Q-TOF Part II – Advance Settings

Join us for an in-depth exploration of advanced settings in MassHunter Acquisition for Q-TOF systems.

Join us for an insightful webinar where we will explore the critical aspects of differentiating good from bad data and how this distinction can significantly influence your results. From screening to quantification, discover the value of targeted data analysis workflows using non-targeted data with our innovative software and hardware.Find by Formula algorithm. Learn to identify the most suitable MS/MS approach for your experiments, initiate quantitation for your compounds of interest, and incorporate retention times (RTs) and MS/MS spectra into a custom database and library.This session is designed to enhance your understanding and application of Q-TOF data analysis, ensuring robust and reliable outcomes.<blockquote>Presenter: Hannah Florance (Agilent Technologies)Hannah has had multiple roles in the life sciences, starting as a protein chemist, before moving into proteomics and then metabolomics. A major part of her time working in academia involved running LC and GCMS core facilities supporting projects ranging from synthetic biology to cancer research. She is currently an LCMS applications specialist for Agilent. Presenter: Stefan Schaebler (Application Specialist LC/MS, Agilent Technologies)Stefan completed his PhD in Biology, specializing in LC-MS-based lipidomics and metabolomics. Following his doctoral studies, he joined Agilent Technologies as an LC/MS Application Specialist. In this role, Stefan focuses on small molecule applications using LC-QTOF, with a strong emphasis on software tools and data interpretation.</blockquote>

MassHunter Qual – The Solid Pillar in Q-TOF Data Analysis

We will explore the critical aspects of differentiating good from bad data and how this distinction can significantly influence your results.

Join our upcoming webinar on the MassHunter Quant Screener Tool to discover how to harness the power of quantitative analysis for effective screening and identification of potential suspect compounds.This session will provide in-depth guidance on creating methods from PCDL databases, evaluating result parameters, and generating straightforward summary reports. Additionally, learn how retention time (RT) prediction can enhance your screening process by significantly accelerating and simplifying large database searches.Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your analytical capabilities!<blockquote>Presenter: &nbsp;Jonathan Spencer (Application Specialist, Agilent Technologies)Jonathan studied BSc Natural Sciences at the University of Nottingham and later went on to Sheffield Hallam University to study a MSc in Forensic Science.Following graduation, he spent 2 years as a Confirmatory Analyst in an anti-doping and forensic toxicology lab, before joining Agilent as an LC/MS Applications Scientist. At Agilent, he focuses on small molecule applications using LC/TQ and LC/Q-TOF in fields of like food, forensic and environmental analysis.</blockquote>

MassHunter Quant Screener Tool

Discover how to harness the power of quantitative analysis for effective screening and identification of potential suspect compounds. 

Join us on the hunt for the needle in the haystack!This session will delve into best practices for untargeted feature finding, focusing on achieving the optimal balance between sample coverage and processing speed using Profinder and the new MassHunter Explorer. We will explore techniques to differentiate between features and noise by applying the right filters for quality checking your data. Additionally, the webinar will cover essential aspects of compound identification, including database matching, formula generation, and structure elucidation.This is a must-attend event for anyone looking to enhance their analytical capabilities and streamline their data processing workflows.<blockquote>Presenter: &nbsp;Stefan Schaebler (Application Specialist LC/MS, Agilent Technologies)Stefan completed his PhD in Biology, specializing in LC-MS-based lipidomics and metabolomics. Following his doctoral studies, he joined Agilent Technologies as an LC/MS Application Specialist. In this role, Stefan focuses on small molecule applications using LC-QTOF, with a strong emphasis on software tools and data interpretation.</blockquote>

Finding the Needle in the Haystack Part I: From Complex Samples to Compounds of Interest

The best practices for untargeted feature finding, focusing on achieving the optimal balance between sample coverage and processing speed.

From Complex Samples to Compounds of Interest

Hear about the latest advancements in translational proteomics and metabolomics. From the molecular mechanisms of disease pathology to the latest technological developments in diagnostics and treatment.<h5>Key Learning Objectives:</h5><ul><li>Spatial proteomics to assess health and diseases</li><li>Absolute quantitation of human proteins</li><li>The latest innovations in proteomics and metabolomics instrumentation and data analysis</li><li>Biomarker-guided precision medicine</li></ul><h4>Day 2 – October 31</h4><h5>15:00 – 15:50 GMT: A Novel Strategy for the Absolute Quantification of Human Proteins</h5><ul><li>Christoph Borchers, PhD (McGill University)</li></ul><h5>15:50 – 15:55 GMT: Networking Break</h5><h5>15:55 – 16:15 GMT: From Single Cells to the Metaproteome: Latest Developments in timsTOF Technology for Proteomics</h5><ul><li>Matt Willetts, PhD (Bruker)</li></ul><h5>16:15 – 16:20 GMT: Networking Break</h5><h5>16:20 – 17:10 GMT: Single-Cell Chromatin Proteomics to Investigate the Biology of Exceptional Longevity</h5><ul><li>Simone Sidoli, PhD (Albert Einstein College of Medicine)</li></ul><h5>17:10 – 17:15 GMT: Networking Break</h5><h5>17:15 – 17:35 GMT: Optimizing Metabolomics Workflows: From Sample Preparation to Multi-omics Integration</h5><ul><li>Hagen Magnus Gegner, PhD (CTC Analytics)</li></ul><h5>17:35 – 17:40 GMT: Networking Break</h5><h5>17:40 – 18:10 GMT: Analyzing Metabolic Responses to a Standardized Meal Challenge Using Exhaled Breath</h5><ul><li>Matteo Tardelli, PhD (Owlstone Medical)</li></ul><h5>18:10 GMT: Event Close</h5><h5>Who Should Attend:</h5><ul><li>Scientists and researchers seeking to expand their knowledge</li><li>Pharmaceutical and biotech professionals driving drug development</li><li>Clinicians looking to improve patient care</li><li>Academicians exploring new research avenues</li><li>Graduate students and postdoctoral fellows building their careers</li></ul><blockquote>Presenter: Mathias Uhlén, PhD (Professor, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology)Presenter:&nbsp;Christoph Borchers, PhD (Professor, McGill University)Presenter:&nbsp;Janne Lehtiö, PhD (Professor, Karolinska Institutet)Presenter:&nbsp;Crystal Montoya (Senior Marketing Product Manager, Miltenyi Biotec)Presenter:&nbsp;Kari Basso, PhD (Director of Mass Spectrometry Research and Education, University of Florida)Presenter:&nbsp;Fabian Coscia, PhD (Group Leader, Max Delbrück Center)Presenter:&nbsp;Simone Sidoli, PhD (Assistant Professor, Albert Einstein College of Medicine)Presenter:&nbsp;Hagen Magnus Gegner, PhD (Content and Digital Marketing, CTC Analytics)Presenter:&nbsp;Matt Willetts, PhD (Proteomics Applications Manager, Bruker Daltonics)Presenter:&nbsp;Matteo Tardelli, PhD (Senior Biomarker Scientist, Owlstone Medical)Presenter:&nbsp;Aaron Gajadhar, PhD (Director, Strategic Applications, Seer)Presenter:&nbsp;Gary Siuzdak, PhD (Professor and Senior Director, Scripps Research Institute)</blockquote>

Technology Networks: Advances in Proteomics & Metabolomics 2024

Advances in Proteomics & Metabolomics 2024 (Day 2)

Hear about the latest advancements in translational proteomics and metabolomics. 

Advances in Proteomics & Metabolomics 2024  (Day 1)

The complete Solution for Food Analysis: Presented by Retsch, CEM, Shimadzu and EltraAccurate and rapid food analysis is becoming increasingly important as regulations become stricter and consumers become more demanding. This expert day on food analysis will give you a comprehensive overview of the optimal steps from sample preparation to analysis, familiarize you with modern methods and bring you up to date.Registration is free of charge and without obligation.<div><div><div><div><div><h3>Heavy metals and pesticides in highly processed&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</h3>In the third part of the webinar series the focus is on analytics. Each step of food processing presents a source of contamination, which is why highly processed foods (ultra-processed foods (UPF)) should be viewed critically.Heavy metals are analyzed using ICP-MS and pesticides using GCMS/MS and SFC-LCMS/MS. You have the opportunity to get in touch with device experts and discuss your questions.</div></div>In this webinar, you will learn more about:<ul><li>How to measure pesticides in difficult samples using LC-MS/MS and SFC-MS/MS</li><li>Determination of pesticides in food samples using GC-MS/MS with hydrogen as carrier gas</li><li>Challenges and solutions for heavy metal analysis</li><li>How much heavy metals are lurking in trend food products?</li></ul>Presenters: Uwe Oppermann, Stéphane Moreau, Waldemar Weber and Johannes Hesper</div></div></div>

Heavy metals and pesticides in highly processed

Heavy metals are analyzed using ICP-MS and pesticides using GCMS/MS and SFC-LCMS/MS. 

GCMS webinars focusing on GC/MS/MS - page 6