Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 24th November 2025? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you brochure by Agilent Technologies, poster by LECO /MDCW, and application notes by Shimadzu and Thermo Fisher Scientific!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: GC workflows for hydrogen vehicles and natural gas blending - Hydrogen Fuel Testing Solutions</h3><ul><li>Brochure</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ac_hydrogen_fuel_purity_matters_compendium_5994_8643en_agilent_8da57fb7a2.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Agilent’s Hydrogen Fuel Testing Solutions compendium highlights the growing importance of reliable impurity analysis as hydrogen becomes a key clean-energy fuel. Because contaminants such as moisture, sulfur compounds, ammonia, oxygen, or organics can compromise fuel-cell performance and safety, the brochure emphasizes that hydrogen purity must be monitored throughout the entire supply chain—from production to storage, transport, and final distribution. Hydrogen blended into natural gas introduces additional challenges, since existing pipeline infrastructure was not originally designed for hydrogen, making rigorous analytical control essential for preventing corrosion, equipment malfunction, and safety issues.To address these challenges, Agilent presents a comprehensive suite of GC-based hydrogen testing workflows. The compendium showcases key analytical instruments—such as the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890">Agilent 8890 GC</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8355+SCD">8355 SCD</a>, 8255 NCD, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5977C">5977C GC/MSD</a>, and portable <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">990 Micro GC</a>—each tailored for detecting critical impurities at trace levels in accordance with ISO 14687-2019, SAE J2719, and other global standards. Featured application notes demonstrate capabilities including ultratrace ammonia monitoring, analysis of sulfides and halides, sulfur speciation, and fast impurity screening for hydrogen and natural gas streams.Beyond instrumentation, the brochure outlines Agilent’s service ecosystem supporting method deployment, instrument verification, sustainability strategies, and lab operations management through CrossLab services and OpenLab software. These include preventive maintenance programs, financial solutions, certified pre-owned instruments, and consulting for analytical method development.Finally, the brochure connects hydrogen-fuel purity testing with broader sustainability goals. Agilent encourages laboratories to adopt circular-economy practices—reducing waste, extending instrument lifecycles, and improving energy efficiency—emphasizing that clean hydrogen starts with responsible, efficient, and reliable laboratory workflows.<h3>2. LECO / MDCW: BOOSTING NON-TARGETED ANALYSIS WITH COMPREHENSIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND HIGH-RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY</h3><ul><li>Poster</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/FL_18_Sebastiano_b4cf417f82.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>The presentation by Sebastiano Panto (LECO EATC Berlin) focuses on demonstrating how comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?instrumentationItems=2-13-3&amp;mainauthorItems=24">GC×GC-HR-TOFMS</a>) significantly enhances non-targeted and targeted screening workflows, particularly in environmental analysis. Using liver extracts from Glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Svalbard region as a case study, the work aims to reveal contamination patterns and improve compound identification confidence.Sample preparation included homogenization, lipid removal, and multi-step cleanup involving GPC/SEC chromatography and Florisil fractionation, yielding separate non-polar and polar fractions for analysis (page 4). Analytical separations were performed on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890+GC">Agilent 8890 GC</a> equipped with a dual-column GC×GC setup (Rxi-5SilMS and Rxi-17SilMS), cryogenic modulation, and Helium carrier gas. Detection used the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=24&amp;search=Pegasus+HRT%2B4D+HR-TOFMS">LECO Pegasus® HRT+4D HR-TOFMS</a> with multiple ionization modes—EI, PCI, and ECNI—enabling simultaneous acquisition of structural, isotopic, and exact-mass information (page 5).The results highlight the advantages of GC×GC-HR-TOFMS in non-target screening: improved separation patterns, higher library match scores, exact-mass confirmation, and enhanced structural elucidation. Electron ionization (EI) provided clean spectra with high match scores for classic pollutants (e.g., PCBs, DDE), while electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) greatly improved selectivity and sensitivity for halogenated contaminants such as toxaphenes and brominated flame retardants, enabling confident identification even when EI spectra were ambiguous (pages 6–13). The instrument’s high mass accuracy and isotopic fidelity are shown to be essential for distinguishing closely related halogenated compounds.The study concludes that combining GC×GC separation power with HR-TOFMS accurate-mass detection and complementary ionization modes offers a robust discovery platform for environmental exposomics. This analytical workflow supports more confident annotation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and emerging contaminants in complex biological matrices, ultimately helping assess ecological risks in sensitive Arctic ecosystems where these avian species reside (page 15).<h3>3. Shimadzu: High-Sensitivity Gas Analysis Using the GCMS-QP2050 and GI-30 Auto Gas Injector</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00953_en_7e1a865aae.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Gas analysis is conducted across a wide range of fields, including resources, energy, and the environment. Typical targets include inorganic gases such as H2, CO, and CO2, and light hydrocarbon gases starting with CH4, with analyses primarily performed using GC. In Application News No. 01- 00858, examples of gas sample analysis using TCD and BID installed on the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=Brevis+GC-2050">Brevis GC-2050</a> were presented.&nbsp;However, qualitative analysis by GC requires standard substances, making the identification of unknown impurities in gas samples difficult. Furthermore, in inorganic gas analysis, complete chromatographic separation of peaks can be challenging, and when GC fails to fully separate them, both qualitative and quantitative analysis become difficult.&nbsp;In contrast, gas analysis using GC-MS enables qualitative identification of unknown components without standard substances through mass spectral library searches. Quantitation in GC-MS is performed using mass chromatograms, allowing accurate measurements even when peaks overlap.&nbsp;In this Application News, high-sensitivity analysis of inorganic gases and light hydrocarbon gases was performed using the compact yet high-performance <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=GCMS-QP2050">GCMS-QP2050</a>. Gas samples were introduced using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=GI-30">GI-30 Auto Gas Injector</a>, enabling automated, continuous analysis and delivering higher reproducibility than manual sample injection.<h4>Instrument Configuration and Analytical Conditions&nbsp;</h4>A 10 ppm standard mixed gas sample in a cylinder was analyzed using the GCMS-QP2050. Gas sample injection into the GC-MS was performed with the GI-30 Auto Gas Injector (P/N: S221- 89755-41). The instrument configuration is shown in Fig. 1. The analytical conditions used are summarized in Table 1. Under typical ionization settings (ionization voltage 70 V and emission current 60 µA), ionization of the helium carrier gas generates a significant signal at m/z 2, making detection of H2 (monitor ion: m/z 2) difficult. Therefore, for analysis in SIM mode, the ionization voltage was set to 20 V and the emission current to 20 µA to suppress He ionization.<h4>Automated Continuous Analysis Using the GI-30&nbsp;</h4>The GI-30 Auto Gas Injector is a sample pretreatment device that automatically introduces a fixed volume of gas into the GC. It is used by connecting either a gas cylinder or a sample bag. When the GI-30 is connected to a gas cylinder, automated, continuous analysis of gassamples becomes possible.&nbsp;The GI-30 is equipped with an optional valve purge mechanism. Purging the internal valve with gas reduces the ingress of ambient air. This is effective for analyzing components in ambient air, such as N2 and O2, as well as for measuring tracelevel components.&nbsp;Table 2 shows the peak-area repeatability (%RSD) obtained when a 10 ppm standard mixed gas was analyzed automatically and continuously in SIM mode. As an example, an overlay of the CH4 SIM chromatograms is shown in Fig. 3. Because the GI-30 meters a fixed volume of gas into the GC via a sample loop, excellent reproducibility was achieved for all compounds.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Using the GCMS-QP2050, high-sensitivity analysis of inorganic gases, such as H2, and light hydrocarbons was achieved. Gas sample injection was performed with the GI-30 Auto Gas Injector, enabling automated, continuous analysis and delivering higher reproducibility compared with manual sample injection. The compact, high-performance GCMS-QP2050, together with the GI-30, enables automation and high-precision gas analysis, and supports greater efficiency in GC-MS-based gas analysis.<h3>4. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Trace analysis of epichlorohydrin in drinking water using GC-MS coupled with purge and trap</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_003894_gc_single_quad_isq_7610_environmental_an003894_na_en_70123385ae.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is a versatile starting material in the production of drugs and polymers and is also used as an insect fumigant and solvent for organic synthesis reactions. ECH-based polymer pipes are commonly used in the production of drinking water due to their durability and resistance to corrosion. However, ECH is known for its high reactivity and toxicity, which poses significant health risks if it contaminates drinking water. Exposure to ECH can cause respiratory issues, skin irritation, and has been classified as a probable human carcinogen.Due to these risks, many countries have imposed strict limits on the amount of ECH allowed in drinking water. Recently, Europe set a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 30 parts per trillion (ppt) for ECH in drinking water.2 Whereas typically required detection limits for most compounds mandated for analysis in Europe can be achieved using methods based on static headspace, the stringent MDL required for ECH requires preconcentration, for example using purge and trap (P&amp;T) technology.3,4 This technology involves purging the water sample with an inert gas to release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are then trapped and concentrated for analysis, ensuring reliable detection at very low concentrations. In the United States, the analysis of VOCs in drinking water is mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA requires the use of P&amp;T technology for drinking water analysis to ensure that even trace amounts of harmful compounds like ECH are detected and managed appropriately.&nbsp;The following evaluation describes the use of the ISQ 7610 Single Quadrupole MS system coupled with the Thermo Scientific™ TRACE™ 1610 GC with the Thermo Scientific™ HeSaver-H2 Safer™ split/splitless injector and Teledyne LABS Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T concentrator combined with the AQUATek LVA autosampler for the analysis of ECH in drinking water.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>GC-MS parameters&nbsp;</h5>A <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/486">TRACE 1610 GC</a> was coupled to the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/484">ISQ 7610 MS</a> equipped with the Thermo Scientific™ NeverVent ™ vacuum probe interlock (VPI) and an ExtractaBrite ion source. A <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/1773">Thermo Scientific™ TraceGOLD™ TG-VMS column</a>, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.4 µm film (P/N 26080-3320) was used for compound separation. The HeSaver-H2 Safer SSL injector was utilized to reduce the carrier gas consumption by decoupling the gas used for the chromatographic separation from the gas used to pressurize the inlet and maintain split and purge flows. The critical separations were maintained with a run time of under 15 minutes.For this analysis, the ISQ 7610 MS was operated in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode for increased selectivity, as required for this application. Extended method parameters for the ISQ 7610 MS are shown in Table 2.<h5>Instrument control and data processing&nbsp;</h5>Data was acquired, processed, and reported using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</a>. This software can control both the GC-MS system and the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T with the AQUATek LVA. This allows a single software to be utilized for the full workflow, simplifying the instrument operation. This application note is available for download via the Thermo Scientific™ AppsLab Library, which contains all the parameters needed to acquire, process, and report the analytical data for analysis of ECH.5<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This study demonstrates the capability of the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T with the AQUATek LVA system connected to the ISQ 7610 Single Quadrupole GC-MS to detect and quantify low-level ECH in drinking water samples, in compliance with EPA requirements.&nbsp;<ul><li>Utilizing the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T’s ability to purge with nitrogen, along with using the HeSaver-H₂Safer SSL injector, nearly four times less helium was consumed during the analysis without sacrificing system performance.&nbsp;</li><li>The linearity of the calibration curve from 30 ppt to 5,000 ppt passed method requirements.</li><li>The application proved robust during an extended study with 20 samples of a 1,000 ppt ECH standard injected over a series of 124 injections, obtaining 4.4% precision and 118% accuracy of the recovery.</li></ul>

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 48, 2025

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 22nd December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, EST Analytical and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Analysis of Ethylene or Propylene Stream Cracking Gas Products</h3>Using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=990+micro">Agilent 990 Micro GC</a><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_ethylene_propylene_stream_cracking_gas_products_5994_8803en_agilent_0cfe53e8f7.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Ethylene or propylene cracking gas products are produced from various feedstocks, including naphtha, light naphtha, atmospheric diesel, depressurized diesel, hydrotreating tail oils, ethane, and liquefied petroleum gas, among others.&nbsp;During gas cracking, yields of ethylene or propylene products should be monitored to measure the effectiveness of the process. The results of these analyses provide important process control data for optimizing cracking production and improving cracking yield—a key process parameter for cracking plants. Common cracking gas products are composed of hydrogen (H2 ), nitrogen (N2), and light hydrocarbons such as ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), propylene (C3H6), propane (C3H8), and 1-butene (C4H8), among&nbsp;others.&nbsp;The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=990+micro">Agilent 990 Micro GC</a> enables fast and accurate detection of ethylene or propylene stream cracking gas products, a fundamental measure for determining the effectiveness of the cracking process. The system's demonstrated utility in refinery gas analysis further supports its suitability.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This study demonstrates the applicability of the Agilent 990 Micro GC for analyzing ethylene or propylene stream cracking gas products, providing essential process control data for optimizing cracking production and yield. Quantitation precision was evaluated through 10&nbsp;consecutive analyses of calibration standard gases, showing retention time (RT) repeatability (%RSD) less than 0.1% and area repeatability (%RSD) less than 1.0% for all compounds. These results confirm the instrument's excellent performance in reliably qualifying and quantifying these stream cracking gas&nbsp;products.<h3>2. EST Analytical: Purge and Trap Extraction of Tea Flavor Components</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Purge_and_Trap_Tea_Flavor_Analysis_by_Purge_and_Trap_9bb392c2c1.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Purge and Trap (P&amp;T) sampling is a universally accepted technique for the analysis of volatile compounds in water. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) have all published methods using P&amp;T for water matrices. However, food and flavor manufacturers have yet to use this technique for the analysis of the volatile flavor components of their products. SPME has become the more accepted technique for flavor analysis.&nbsp;Both SPME and P&amp;T have their limitations. P&amp;T is recommended for volatile analytes and does not work when compounds have higher boiling points. Still, P&amp;T is a reliable technique that has the ability to purge out all of the volatile analytes of a system and detect very low concentrations of those analytes. On the other hand, SPME can be used for sampling a larger amount of semi-volatile compounds and fiber coating selection aids in better discrimination of analyte sampling. Yet, SPME is not an exhaustive sampling technique thus there are detection limitations to the technique. This application note will examine the analysis of white tea samples using P&amp;T sampling.&nbsp;<h4>Experimental</h4>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2160">EST Analytical Evolution Purge and Trap</a> was set up with a Vocarb™ 3000 trap while the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2159">Centurion WS autosampler </a>was set to run in soil mode. The sampling system was configured to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890">Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatograph (GC) </a>and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5975C">5975C inert XL Mass Spectrometer (MS) </a>for separation and analysis. As the compounds of interest for this analysis were volatile, a Restek Rxi® 624 Sil MS 30m X 0.25mm X 1.8um column was affixed in the GC. Sampling and analysis parameters were optimized and are listed in Tables 1 and 2.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Using purge and trap to evaluate the flavor compounds of the tea samples was a reliable sampling technique. The findings were repeatable and the chromatography was excellent. The resulting flavor compounds were easily purged out of the tea matrix and as the technique is exhaustive, there was excellent detection of the flavor compounds in the system. This sampling technique established purge and trap to be an exceptional method for the determination of volatile analytes in tea.<h3>3. Shimadzu: Real-Time Measurement of CH4 and CO2 Concentrations for Estimating Methane Emissions from Rice Fields</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00887_en_adf24e951d.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h5>User Benefits</h5><ul><li>The portability of this gas analyzer means the user can decide where to place it, such as near a rice field, to continuously measure CH4 and CO2 emissions.&nbsp;</li><li>The CGT-7100 analyzer unit has a built-in pump, filter, dehumidifier, and other sample pretreatment equipment, so it does not require other equipment to perform measurements.</li><li>Data can be stored on a USB flash drive for easy editing on a computer or sharing with other departments.</li></ul>CH4 is a gas that has a greenhouse effect about 28 times greater*1 than CO2. One source of CH4 gas emissions is flooded rice fields. They release the CH4 gases generated by microorganisms living in the soil into the atmosphere. Since CH4 emissions from rice fields account for a significant proportion of greenhouse gases emitted from the agriculture, forestry, and fishery industry, various measures are being implemented to reduce emissions, such as managing the water and soil used in rice fields and improvingthe fertilizers used.&nbsp;The closed chamber method measures variations in gas concentrations due to gases exchanged with plants, such as rice. 1) In this article, a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=CGT-7100">CGT-7100</a> portable gas analyzer measures the concentration of CH4 and CO2 generated inside a specialized chamber placed on the surface of rice paddy soil.<h4>CH4 Emitted from Rice Fields&nbsp;</h4>The amount of CO2 emitted from a rice field depends on the amount breathed (emitted) from the rice plant and photosynthesized (absorbed), whereas the amount of CH4 emitted depends on the microorganisms in the soil. Fig. 2 illustrates the process of CH4 emission from rice fields. The microorganisms generate CH4 by decomposing organic matter in the soil. When a rice field is flooded with water, the supply of oxygen to the soil stops and anaerobic microorganisms actively generate CH4. It is thought that the generated CH4 is emitted into the atmosphere via two pathways. One pathway is via the roots and stalks of the rice plants (pathway 1).2),3) Due to the functions of the microorganisms, CH4 concentrations in the soil become higher than inside the plant, resulting in a concentration gradient that dissolves into the root cells. The dissolved CH4 becomes a gas within the narrow gaps between cells and moves along the gaps to the leaf sheath above ground. Pores on the leaf surface then discharge the CH4 into the atmosphere. In the other pathway (pathway 2), CH4 in the soil forms bubbles that are released directly into the atmosphere without passing through the rice plant. Pathway 1 increases the CH4 concentration inside the chamber by a certain proportion, but the quantity and frequency of CH4 emissions via pathway 2 are not clearly known, so there is an element of uncertainty about the estimated quantity of CH4 emitted from rice fields4). Therefore, the frequency that bubbles formed was estimated by analyzing the CH4 concentration measurement results to determine how quickly the CH4 concentration increasedper unit area (methane flux).<h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=CGT-7100">CGT-7100 Portable Gas Analyzer&nbsp;</a></h4>The CGT-7100 is an all-in-one portable continuous gas concentration measuring system (Fig. 3). Because the compact main unit includes a pretreatment unit with a built-in electronic cooler for removing water moisture, a filter for removing dust, and a pump for suctioning sample gas into the analyzer system, the analyzer can be operated independently*2. Up to three components can be selected for measurement. In addition to two of the CO2, CO, and CH4 components being measured by the non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR) method, one component can also be selected for measurement by an O2 analyzer (optional), based on the limiting current type zirconia method. Changes in concentrations over time can be monitored with a wide range of measurements, from ppm to vol%. With the minimum sample gas flowrate of 100 mL/min (optional), gas concentrations can be measured in small sample quantities, and the sample gas flowrate can be varied within the range of 100 to 400 mL/min. As shown in the measurement process flow diagram below, samples can also be measured without losses by including a recirculation system that returns the sample gas discharged from the analyzer to the measurementlocation (inside the chamberin this case).<h4>Non-Dispersive Infrared Absorption (NDIR) Method&nbsp;</h4>The CGT-7100 uses the non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR) method for measurements. CO2 and other heteronuclear gases have unique infrared light absorption spectra. Gas concentrations can be measured selectively by passing infrared light through the sample gas and using the detector to measure the quantity of infrared light in the absorption band that is unique to a given type of gas. Robust and reliable measurements are achieved with the optical system in the NDIR unit, which has an excellent track record among online gas analyzers.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This article describes an example of using a CGT-7100 portable gas analyzer to estimate the amount of CH4 and CO2 emitted from a rice field by continuously measuring CH4 and CO2 concentrationsinside the chamberplaced in a rice paddy.&nbsp;Since the CGT-7100 is a continuous gas analyzer, it is ideal for measuringchangesin gas concentrationsin realtime. The CGT-7100 can be used to observe changes in the levels of CH4 and CO2 or the effects of bubble formation when implementing rice field water and soil management or fertilizer improvement measures.&nbsp;With its built-in sample gas pretreatment and sampling functionality, gas concentrations can be conveniently measured without the need for additional equipment, and the portability of the analyzer means it can measure gas concentrations in a wide variety of locations. If used with a communication unit, measurement data can be viewed and saved remotely via a computer or tablet to accommodate a wide range of testing and research applications.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 52, 2025

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 19th January 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, BaySpec and Metrohm!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Micro GC Analysis of Permanent Gas Impurities in PEM Fuel Cell-Grade Hydrogen</h3>According to SAE J2719, ISO 14687, EN 17124, and ISO 19880-8<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_micro_gc_analysis_gas_impurities_pem_fuel_5994_8830en_agilent_a5dca09e4b.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Quality requirements for hydrogen purity vary with application. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell hydrogen is the application with the most stringent specification. Hydrogen purity specifications for other applications, i.e. residential or industrial use, typically allow for higher levels of specific&nbsp;contaminants.&nbsp;For PEM fuel cell-grade hydrogen, there are several key methods regulating quality. Some methods may also cover other scopes, but where they pertain to PEM fuel cell-grade hydrogen, they align on specific requirements for purity level and limit concentrations of specific contaminants.&nbsp;<ul><li>SAE J2719 specifies hydrogen fuel quality requirements for PEM fuel cell vehicles, such as hydrogen-powered cars.&nbsp;</li><li>ISO 14687 specifies minimum quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel for various applications, including residential, commercial, industrial, stationary systems, and vehicular use.&nbsp;</li><li>EN 17124 specifies the quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel dispensed at hydrogen refueling stations for use in PEM fuel cell vehicle systems.</li><li>ISO 19880-8 specifies the quality of the gaseous hydrogen at hydrogen distribution facilities and hydrogen fueling stations for PEM fuel cells for road vehicles.&nbsp;</li></ul>Micro GC is a suitable choice of technique for covering analysis of permanent gases in ultra high purity (UHP) hydrogen (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, and methane). The small internal volume of the MEMS-based µTCD in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">Agilent 990 Micro GC</a> means that lower detection levels can be achieved when compared to regular TCDs, allowing for detection of contaminants in the single-digit ppm range. Note that ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde can also be detected with Micro GC; however, additional/different columns might be required. Sensitivity requirements below 1 ppm may require alternate techniques.<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4>The method developed covers permanent gases defined in SAE J2719, and by default, also ISO 14687, ISO 19880‑8, and EN 17124. The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">990 Micro GC</a> system was set up similar to the method described in Agilent application note 5994‑2138EN.1 A 20 m MS5A straight channel on hydrogen carrier gas was used. Table 2 lists experimental conditions for method development. A 20 m molsieve provides sufficient separation for the argon/oxygen peak pair at low-ppm concentrations.2 For best results, the column was operated at a low temperature of 30 °C. Hydrogen was used as carrier gas to completely mask the bulk hydrogen matrix peak, resulting in separation of the helium and neon baseline3 , while still allowing for a similar sensitivity as with the helium carrier. The hydrogen carrier allows helium (He), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2 ), methane (CH4 ), and even neon (Ne) to be measured at their required levels. Carbon monoxide (CO) that elutes from the molsieve column is not part of the scope. SAE J2719 requires these to be measured at the sub-ppm level, which is too low for Micro GC. Table 3 lists the composition of calibration gas used. The system was calibrated using single‑point calibration.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The Agilent 990 Micro GC setup, described with a single 20&nbsp;m straight molsieve column running hydrogen carrier gas is capable of meeting the hydrogen quality requirement in SAE J2719 and other comparable UHP hydrogen methods for select permanent gases (He, Ar, O2, N2, CH4 ). The critical component, oxygen, can reliably be measured below the required five ppm level. Precision and accuracy are excellent for all components, and with a short runtime of five&nbsp;minutes, this analytical option can deliver 10–12 runs per hour. Detection of other components listed in SAE J2719, i.e.&nbsp;ammonia or CO/CO2 , will require different equipment.<h3>2. BaySpec: Detecting Toxins on Cannabis Leaves with Portable Miniature Mass Spectrometer</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Bay_Spec_App_Note_Toxin_Detection_on_Cannabis_Leaves_with_Portability_Mass_Spectrometer_b15213c47e.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Mass spectrometry in connection with different separa‐ tion techniques currently represents the main analytical approach for determination of residual pesticides in the Food &amp; Agriculture industry. Traditionally, samples need to be collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis using techniques such as GC‐MS or HPLC‐MS, which are costly and time‐consuming. In addition, the conventional mass spectrometer usually requires laborious sample pre‐ treatment, which does not allow for immediate in‐situ sample determination.Presented in this application note are data from a ther‐ mal desorption electrospray ionization (TD‐ESI) or atmso‐ pheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source coupled to a portable mass spectrometer for toxin screening of cannabis leaves.&nbsp;&nbsp;Bayspec’s <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2219">Portability mass spectrometer</a> is less than 10 kg, highly portable, and battery‐operated.&nbsp;&nbsp;Its linear ion trap mass analyzer can perform fast in‐field detection of analytes, including residual toxins, by direct sampling of the surfaces of fresh food and plant products without any sample pre‐treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this study, BaySpec’s sampling probe was used to directly swab the surface of cannabis leaves and inserted into the TD‐ESI or APCI sample inlet system for real time analysis. Four different samples were studied:&nbsp;<ul><li>Fresh cannabis leaves&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with PBO&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with myclobutanil&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with paraquat</li></ul>All sprayed samples were air‐dried prior to screening.&nbsp;&nbsp;No sample preparation was done to test the leaves.&nbsp;&nbsp;Both TD‐ ESI and APCI ionization methods tested positive for THC and toxins where applicable.&nbsp;&nbsp;See Figure 3 for recorded spectra.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due to short analysis times (1‐5 seconds per sample), this technique allows for fast screening for applications in food and environmental safety. MS (as well as MS/MS) analyses can be performed on surface‐residual toxins at parts per billion levels.&nbsp; &nbsp; The TD‐ESI ion source with PortabilityTM miniature mass spectrometer is available from BaySpec.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This system does not require any add‐ itional support, external po‐ wer or gases. The simple in‐ tuitive software interface is operated by touch screen and makes the instrument ex‐ tremely easy to control. The external TD‐ESI source is fully integrated into the main software environment and the turn‐key system is user‐ friendly, does not require excessive training, and can be operated by persons with no previous mass spectrometry experiences<h3>3. Metrohm: Monitoring phosphate reactions in real time with Raman spectroscopy</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_rs_054_download_d034c2ebb5.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>CURRENT METHODES FOR REACTION ANALYSIS</h4>Titration is highly effective for quantifying phosphate and sulfate species to determine reaction completion and final product composition in fertilizers. Gravimetric analysis is used to quantify insoluble byproducts like gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Both techniques require sample collection, hazardous reagents, and manual processing – all of which introduce time delays and incur costs with every measurement. This Application Note describes how Raman spectroscopy was used as an alternative method to monitor a simplified phosphate fertilizer production process under laboratory conditions.&nbsp;<h4>METHOD</h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=220&amp;search=+i-Raman">Raman spectroscopy</a> is well suited to monitor phosphate species due to its high selectivity and nondestructive nature. Furthermore, it can simultaneously detect sulfate ions, enabling real-time analysis of multi-component reaction systems. In this study, dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4, hereafter referred to as DCP) is used as a model compound for phosphate rock. In a 100 mL beaker, 500 mg of DCP was dissolved in 10 mL of 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) (Equation 1). To simulate industrial reaction conditions and introduce sulfate ions, 0.25 mL of 1.0 mol/L sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was then added. The use of low-concentration HCl ensures safe handling and facilitates clear identification of the sulfate (SO42−) Raman peak.<h4>CONCLUSION</h4>Raman spectroscopy proved to be an effective tool for monitoring a phosphate fertilizer production process, providing clear insights into phosphate speciation, sulfate concentration, and precipitation dynamics. Raman spectral changes revealed transitions in phosphate protonation states and the formation of calcium-based precipitates. These capabilities support enhanced process control and product quality in phosphate fertilizer manufacturing.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 04, 2026

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 2nd March 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, BaySpec and Shimadzu and presentation by MDCW / JEOL!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Total Hydrocarbon Impurity Analysis in PEM Fuel Cell Grade Hydrogen Using the Agilent 8890 GC-FID System</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_hydrocarbon_impurity_analysis_pem_fuel_cell_8890_gcfid_5994_8935en_agilent_00a26949ef.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>High-purity hydrogen is crucial for the optimal and long-term performance of fuel cells.&nbsp;Different than the industry grade hydrogen used for chemicals, refining, and metal processing, where small amounts of impurities are acceptable. Fuel cell hydrogen is required to meet the species-specific impurity limits described in the specifications. Such impurities include hydrocarbons, sulfur-containing compounds, ammonia, permanent gases, halogens, and formaldehyde. Each group of compounds has its own regulation limit. The limits are defined based on their impact on the fuel cell lifetime and performance. ISO 14687 and SAE J2719 are the most recognized standards for regulation of fuel cell hydrogen quality.&nbsp;Multiple testing points are implemented throughout the whole supply chain of fuel cell grade hydrogen—from its production, storage, and distribution to its final application. The analytical approaches employed depend on the impurity type and the corresponding limit. Among the varied contaminants, hydrocarbon impurity is controlled based on THC amount (excluding methane because it has a separate specific limit) and the quality limit as specified in ISO 14687 and SAE J2719 (2&nbsp;ppm).&nbsp;There are two ways to analyze THCs in hydrogen. One is to separate and detect each hydrocarbon, then add their concentrations to get the THC amount (excluding methane). This analytical approach is recommended by the GB/T 44238-2024 test method.1 The other way is by eluting all hydrocarbons as a single peak and quantitating the peak according to methane's response factor (RF). The total THC is then obtained by subtracting the methane amount, which is analyzed by a separate method.In this application note, THC impurity was tested using the second approach. An Agilent 8890 GC with FID system were used for THC analysis, and the Agilent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">990 Micro GC</a> was used for methane measurement. The methane analysis solution is published in application note 5994-8830EN.2 Here, we will showcase THC analysis using the 8890 GC-FID system.&nbsp;<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890">8890 GC</a> is configured with one gas sampling valve, a split/splitless (S/SL) inlet, and a flame ionization detector (FID), as shown in Figure 1. The fixed volume of gas sample is injected into the S/SL inlet and part of the sample flows into an uncoated capillary column, then elutes off as a single peak for detection. Table 1 lists experimental conditions for the analysis. The standard gases shown in Table 2 are used to verify system precision, generate methane's RF, and calculate method detection limit (MDL).<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This application note demonstrates THC&nbsp;analysis in fuel cell hydrogen using the Agilent 8890 GC-FID system. The hydrocarbons eluted as a single peak on an uncoated column and were quantitated using methane's RF. The method repeatability and reproducibility were around 2%. Method accuracy was better than 120%. The MDL was 0.97&nbsp;ppm. All results met the analytical requirements of regulating THC in fuel cell grade hydrogen according to SAE&nbsp;J2719 and ISO 14687.&nbsp;The applied analytical approach requires methane analysis by a separate method, which can be realized using the Agilent 990 Micro GC or using a coated column followed by FID detection on another channel of the 8890 GC system.<h3>2. BaySpec: Rapid Detection of Trace Levels of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat Flour by Portable Miniature Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Bay_Spec_App_Note_MS_Portability_In_Wheat_Quality_04959a96bd.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Deoxynivalenol (Cas:51481‐10‐8), also known as DON, is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is widely found in grains such as wheat, barley, and rice.&nbsp;&nbsp;The molecular structure of DON is provided in figure 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;DON is linked to two plant pathogens: Fusarium graminearum (wheat and corn), and Fusarium ear blight (corn only).&nbsp; &nbsp; DON inhibits the synthesis of DNA / RNA as well as protein synthesis at the ribosomal level, ultimately resulting in the loss of yield and contamination of seeds.&nbsp;&nbsp;An acute dose of DON can induce vomiting (emesis) in pigs, whereas at lower concentrations in the diet, it reduces growth and feed consumption (anorexia).1&nbsp;The U.S. FDA has established DON advisory levels to provide safe food and feed at concentrations of &lt; 10 ppm to &lt; 1 ppm depending on application.2Because DON is difficult to derivatize, this compound is typically analyzed via thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).3 While TLC is simple, fast, and economical, this analytical technique does not provide high accuracy nor consistent results on a day‐to‐day basis.&nbsp;&nbsp;HPLC improves on accuracy and consistency but requires large quantities of costly solvents and produces large volumes of hazardous waste.&nbsp;&nbsp; Depending on sampling requirements and system performance, the annual maintenance costs for a standard HPLC instrument can run ~$10‐20k per year.4 &nbsp;&nbsp; Furthermore, although HPLC systems can be easy to use when properly configured, a trained professional is typically needed for troubleshooting, maintenance, and developing new methods.Two samples were analyzed in a recent case study for an agricultural firm based in Canada.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One sample contained 200 mg of wheat powder, while the other sample was 1 mg of the pure DON compound. Measurements were taken on a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2219">BaySpec PortabilityTM Mass Spectrometer</a> (Figure 2) with both thermal desorption (TD) electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) methods. Samples were tested “dry” either by probing the surface of the sample vials or by spreading the powder onto a clean surface and swabbing. An enlarged image of the sampling probe with a small amount of wheat powder is shown in Figure 3.<h3>3. MDCW / JEOL: Structural elucidation using GCxGC-TOFMS and machine learning for unknown metabolites in HeLa cell</h3><ul><li>Presentation</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/O_7_Masaaki_Ubukata_2_56a67fdf00.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>The presentation by Masaaki Ubukata focuses on advancing structural elucidation of unknown metabolites in HeLa cells using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?instrumentationItems=2-13-3-5&amp;mainauthorItems=23">GC×GC-HRTOFMS</a>) and machine learning. The work addresses a major limitation in metabolomics: while GC-MS offers highly reproducible EI fragmentation and strong library support, only a tiny fraction of known chemical space is represented in standard databases such as NIST (about 0.3% of compounds). To overcome this gap, the team developed an AI-based approach capable of predicting EI mass spectra and retention indices for over 200 million compounds, creating a large in-silico spectral library for unknown identification.The workflow integrates accurate mass measurements from GC-HRTOFMS with both electron ionization (EI) and soft ionization data. Molecular formulas are first determined using isotopic patterns and fragment ion accuracy, then candidate structures are narrowed using predicted retention indices and compared against AI-predicted EI spectra ranked by cosine similarity. Model performance has steadily improved, reaching an average cosine similarity of 0.86, with correct structures ranked first in 56% of evaluation cases and within the top 10 in 87% of cases. This demonstrates strong capability for resolving unknown compounds beyond conventional library searches.The approach was applied to HeLa cell metabolomics, a well-established human cell model. Using GC×GC separation, more than 800 metabolites were detected. Importantly, the system successfully identified N-methyl-uridine monophosphate (N-methyl UMP), a biologically relevant RNA-modification-related metabolite not registered in the NIST database. After molecular formula determination and AI ranking, N-methyl UMP was identified as the top candidate among 53 structural isomers sharing the same formula, demonstrating the practical strength of combining high-resolution MS, soft ionization, and AI-based spectral prediction.In conclusion, the study highlights the synergistic power of three technologies: high-resolution GC-TOFMS, soft ionization techniques, and AI-driven structural analysis. Together, they significantly enhance the identification of unknown metabolites in non-targeted metabolomics and provide a scalable solution for exploring chemical space far beyond existing experimental spectral libraries.<h3>4. Shimadzu: Analysis of Aroma Components in Apples Using the Smart Aroma Database</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_01016_en_e989b26b7f.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h5>User Benefits</h5><ul><li>The Smart Aroma Database enables straightforward qualitative analysis of aroma components.</li><li>The HS-20 NX headspace sampler allows for high-sensitivity and convenient analysis of the aroma components in fresh apples.</li><li>Multivariate analysis facilitates an objective evaluation of aroma component differences between samples.</li></ul>The aroma components of fruits are one of the key factors that determine their flavor and taste, serving as a significant criterion for consumers when choosing fruits. These aroma components vary based on the type and variety of the fruit, its ripeness, production area, and cultivation environment. The complex interplay of these factors shapes the unique flavors of individual fruits. Therefore, the analysis of aroma components plays an important role in quality control and the development of new fruit varieties. The compounds that make up the aroma of fruits are diverse, including both volatile and non-volatile components, and their numbers can range from dozens to hundreds. These components, which include alcohols, esters, ketones, and acids, possess various chemical structures and contribute to the aroma of the fruit. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) offers an effective method for objectively evaluating the relationship between aroma and aroma components. This article describes an example of analyzing the aroma components in apples using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=GCMS-QP2050">GCMS-QP2050</a> gas chromatograph mass spectrometer in combination with an<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=HS20+NX"> HS20 NX headspace sampler</a> (Fig. 1).<h4>Multivariate Analysis&nbsp;</h4>Three types of apples, with five samples each (for a total of 15 samples), were measured once. The obtained data were analyzed using SIMCA17 multivariate data analysis software (Informatics Co., Ltd.) to perform principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis. The PCA score plot (Fig. 2), loading plot (Fig. 3), and the dendrogram from the hierarchical clustering analysis (Fig. 4) are shown.&nbsp;Based on the PCA score plot, the contribution rate of the first principal component (horizontal axis) is 85.6 %, and the contribution rate of the second principal component (vertical axis) is 10.2 %, totaling 95.8 %. The clear separation of the plots by apple type indicates that there are differences in the aroma of the three varieties. Additionally, the results of the hierarchical clustering analysis show that Jonagold (A) and (B) have relatively similar compositions of aroma components.&nbsp;Table 3 shows the aroma components that are relatively abundant in Jonagold (A) along with the sensory information for each aroma component registered in the Smart Aroma Database.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>We analyzed the aroma components of three types of commercially available apples using a GCMS-QP2050 gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. By utilizing an HS-20 NX headspace sampler, we were able to analyze the aroma components of fresh apples with high sensitivity, and the Smart Aroma Database made the process convenient.&nbsp;We consider that scientifically analyzing the differences in aroma components based on factors such as fruit type, variety, ripeness, production area, and cultivation environment is beneficial for quality management and the development of new varieties.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 10, 2026

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