<h4>Abstract</h4>Desorb flow control was developed in order to help manage the moisture associated with the four minute desorb time required for USEPA method 524.2. An added benefit to this process is the reduction in helium consumption when using this technique. This application will explain the patented process of Desorb Flow Control (DFC) (United States Patent Office numbers: 8062905, 7951609, 7803635) for Helium conservation and moisture control.&nbsp;<h4>Introduction</h4>Helium has been an essential component in environmental testing for years. Since Helium is an inert gas with a similar diffusion speed as Hydrogen, it is ideal for using as a carrier gas in Gas Chromatography. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing shortage of Helium, leading laboratories to come up with different ways of conservation.&nbsp;Desorb Flow Control was developed to assist laboratories routinely running for USEPA Method 524.2. Method 524.2 requires a four minute desorb and laboratories are reporting issues with water when using the long desorb time. By using DFC, labs are now able to keep the required four minute desorb time and control the amount of water transferred to the GC by decreasing the flow through the trap during desorb while maintaining the desired split ratio at the GC inlet. Subsequently, DFC not only controls the amount of water transferred, but also decreases Helium consumption. See Figures 1 and 2.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_1_Traditional_GC_Flow_ebb2a6357c.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 1 - Traditional GC Flow" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_1_Traditional_GC_Flow_ebb2a6357c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1106" height="553"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_2_GC_Flow_with_Encon_Evolution_using_DFC_5af219d179.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 2 - GC Flow with Encon Evolution using DFC" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_2_GC_Flow_with_Encon_Evolution_using_DFC_5af219d179.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1389" height="684"><blockquote>(NOTE: The Encon Evolution provides the increased flow after the trap during desorb at a set time in the desorb process.)&nbsp;</blockquote>The advent of more efficient purge and trap systems and more sensitive GC/MS systems has aided in laboratories’ production. However, water control is still an issue. Labs may pass an initial calibration curve, but as water builds up in the system, internal standard response drops over time, causing the laboratory to fail continuing calibration checks. In order to combat water, many labs use a high split rate. As a consequence, Helium consumption is much higher and sensitivity is decreased. Using DFC, labs can still achieve the moisture control required thus creating a more stable system and lowering Helium consumption by as much as 80%, depending on the experimental split rate. See Table 1. *The table below assumes a throughput of 72 samples per day.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Table_1_Daily_Helium_Consumption_ee240f3668.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Table 1 - Daily Helium Consumption" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Table_1_Daily_Helium_Consumption_ee240f3668.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1454" height="323"><h4>Experimental</h4>The sampling system used for this study was the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2160">EST Analytical Encon Evolution concentrator</a> and the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2159">Centurion WS autosampler</a>. The concentrator was affixed with a Vocarb 3000 trap and connected to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890A">Agilent 7890A GC</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5975C">5975C inert XL MS</a>. The GC was configured with a Restek Rxi-624 Sil MS 30m x 0.25mm x 1.4µm column. Two different split ratios were used for comparison in this study, a 40:1 split rate was used for the baseline data and a 10:1 split rate was used for the DFC data. Experimental parameters used for this analysis are listed below.<h5>Purge and Trap Parameters</h5><ul><li>Concentrator: EST Encon Evolution</li><li>Trap type: Vocarb 3000</li><li>Valve oven temperature: 150 °C</li><li>Transfer line temperature: 150 °C</li><li>Trap temperature: 35 °C</li><li>Moisture Reduction Trap (MoRT) temperature: 39 °C</li><li>Purge time: 11 min</li><li>Purge flow: 40 mL/min</li><li>Dry purge Temp.: Ambient</li><li>Dry Purge Flow: 40mL/min</li><li>Dry Purge Time: 1.0 min &nbsp;</li><li>Desorb pressure Control: ON</li><li>Desorb Pressure: 13.5 psi</li><li>Desorb time: 4.0 min</li><li>Desorb preheat delay: 10 sec</li><li>Desorb temperature: 250 °C</li><li>MoRT bake temperature: 210 °C</li><li>Bake temperature: 260 °C</li><li>Sparge vessel bake temperature: 110 °C</li><li>Bake time: 8 min</li><li>Bake flow: 85 mL/min</li></ul><h5>Purge and Trap Auto-Sampler: EST Centurion WS</h5><ul><li>Sample Type: Water</li><li>Water Volume: 25ml</li><li>Internal Standard Vol.: 5 µl</li></ul><h5>GC/MS Parameters</h5><ul><li>System: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890%2F5975">Agilent 7890A/5975</a></li><li>Inlet: Split/splitless mode, 200 °C, 40:1 and 10:1 split ratio, 7.45 psi inlet head pressure</li><li>Column: Rxi-624Sil MS 30m x 0.25mm I.D. 1.4µm film thickness</li><li>Oven program: 40 °C (1.5 min) → ramp 8 °C/min → 100 °C, ramp 20 °C /min to 210 °C, hold for 1.25 min, 16.5 min run time</li><li>Column flow rate: 1 mL/min helium</li><li>Total flow: 13.8 and 43.8 mL/min</li><li>Source temperature: 230 °C</li><li>Quadrupole temperature: 150 °C</li><li>Transfer line temperature: 180 °C</li><li>Scan range: m/z 35–300, 3.12 scans/sec</li><li>Solvent delay: 1.0 min</li></ul>The USEPA Method 524.2 standards were acquired from AccuStandard. The linear ranges of the experiments were established by running eight point calibration curves from 0.5 to 100ppb. Table 4 displays curve linearity and compound response for the curves. Figure 3 displays chromatograms of the 20ppb calibration point with and without DFC. Finally, an experiment was run using Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM) of m/z 20 with and without DFC. This was done in order to show water control using D2O as the compound of interest so as not to SIM for water and overwhelm the MS. Figure 4 displays the results of this experiment.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Table_4_Curve_Linearity_and_Compound_Response_Summary_7303558674.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Table 4 - Curve Linearity and Compound Response Summary" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Table_4_Curve_Linearity_and_Compound_Response_Summary_7303558674.jpg 107w," sizes="100vw" width="684" height="1003"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_3_20ppb_Chromatograms_With_and_Without_DFC_bebdb4c00f.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 3 - 20ppb Chromatograms With and Without DFC" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_3_20ppb_Chromatograms_With_and_Without_DFC_bebdb4c00f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1383" height="518"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_4_Overlay_of_D2_O_mz_20_With_and_Without_DFC_701bb4011c.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 4 - Overlay of D2O mz 20 With and Without DFC" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_4_Overlay_of_D2_O_mz_20_With_and_Without_DFC_701bb4011c.jpg 143w," sizes="100vw" width="939" height="1026"><h4>Conclusions</h4>The results of this study show the patented Desorb Flow Control is an exceptional tool for conserving helium and creating a more stable system. The option of maintaining the desired split ratio at the GC inlet while decreasing the flow through the trap during desorb provides sensitivity while controlling the amount of moisture being sent onto the GC column. Furthermore, the split rate during the GC/MS run time is substantially lower than during the desorb time. Laboratories can have the advantage of running a higher split rate during the desorb process then maintaining a lower split during the rest of the GC/MS separation and analysis, thus providing laboratories with up to an 80% reduction in GC/MS helium use.

Benefits of Using Desorb Flow Control with the Encon Evolution

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 8th December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies and Thermo Fisher Scientific and other document by Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: High-Precision Determination of Four Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Using the Agilent 8890 GC</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_monitoring_greenhouse_gas_8890_gc_5994_8744en_agilent_0e08f0909f.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Currently, China is actively implementing dual-control measures on total energy consumption and intensity. The Ministry of Ecology and Environment issued "The 14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological and Environmental Monitoring", which specifically highlights the advancement of technologies for direct measurement of carbon emissions. It calls for organizing pilot projects in multiple key industries and enterprises to monitor greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane, establishing greenhouse gas monitoring networks in key cities, and upgrading the greenhouse gas monitoring capabilities of national atmospheric background stations. As a result, conducting greenhouse gas monitoring within the environmental protection stations of provinces and cities has become a critical task.The use of GC for detecting greenhouse gases has a long history. The conventional methods used gas sampling valve for injection, TCD and FID for sequential detection of CO2 and CH4 , or combining a methanizer with an FID to detect CO2 and CH4 in one analytical channel and detecting N2O on ECD in another analytical channel.2 The analytical precision for CO2, CH4, and N2 O achieved with such configurations typically ranges from 0.2% to 0.5%, but it is difficult to obtain precision better than 0.1%, which does not meet the current requirements for greenhouse gas monitoring accuracy and precision. Moreover, the traditional methods rarely report analytical precision for SF6 at ppt concentration levels. To monitor trace levels of CO2 , CH4, N2O, and ultratrace levels of SF6 on the same GC system with high-precision results, it is necessary to optimize multiple factors included in sample injection, separation, and detection. Furthermore, the system configuration must be flexible enough to allow expansion for future analytical needs, such as incorporating trace CO analysis in air. This work demonstrates how the 8890&nbsp;GC achieves high-precision analysis of four key greenhouse gases by optimizing the injection volume, controlling injection reproducibility, and utilizing multichannel separation and high-sensitivity detectors to ensure the system runs stably in long‑term operation.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>Instrumental&nbsp;</h5>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=8890+GC">8890 GC</a> is configured as a three-channel/multivalve/multicolumn system, enabling independent analysis of four greenhouse gases—CH4 , CO2 , N2O, and SF6 —within 8 minutes using a single injection. The target compounds are analyzed in separate channels, reducing chromatographic peak broadening and thereby improving sensitivity and&nbsp;repeatability.&nbsp;<ul><li>For CO2 analysis, a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=methanizer">methanizer</a> is used to convert CO2 to CH4 , which is then detected by FID. The system eliminates the need for dehydration through backflushing and venting operation via switching valves, preventing interference from moisture and oxygen in the air and extending the lifespan of the methanizer.&nbsp;</li><li>For N2O and SF6 analysis, the ECD with hidden anode design is used for high‑sensitivity detection and strong anti‑contaminant capability.&nbsp;</li><li>The CH4 analysis is conducted on a single column with a dedicated large injection loop, significantly enhancing detection sensitivity and repeatability, achieving a detection limit for methane as low as single-digit ppb levels.</li></ul><h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Based on its exceptional pneumatic control and valve-based flow path design, the multivalve/multicolumn Agilent 8890 GC system achieves high-sensitivity and high-precision measurements of four key greenhouse gases. This is accomplished through optimized and precise control of sample flow rate/volume, selection of premium analytical columns, and the use of highly stable and robust FID and ECD. Standard gas samples of CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, and SF6 , with concentrations equivalent to atmospheric levels, were measured continuously 10 times. The measurement precision for these gases was better than 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.1%, and 0.5%, respectively, fully meeting the high-precision monitoring requirements of environmental monitoring stations at various levels for target greenhouse gases. Compared to other monitoring solutions, this approach is based on a stable and reliable gas chromatography platform that is technically easier to master and deploy. It represents a trusted solution developed by Agilent to assist in establishing a greenhouse gas monitoring network in China.<h3>2. Shimadzu: GC/MS Mass Spectra Library - Polymer Additives Library Ver.2</h3><ul><li>Other document</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/c146_e506_d4c93c4d60.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>Contains Approximately 5,800 Mass Spectra&nbsp;</h4>This library consists of a library*, which contains 5,775 mass spectra for 590 types of polymer additives and GC/MS pyrolysates from the pyrolysis GC/MS analysis of additives, and a library containing the mass spectra for 65 compounds often targeted for analysis, selected based on their usage in the commercial market, and chemical substance regulatory information. In total, this product contains 5,840 mass spectra, which provides strong support for the analysis of polymer additives. In Ver.2, the compound registration has been newly enhanced, for example vulcanizing accelerators utilized in the rubber filed. Approximately 1,000 spectra have been added.&nbsp;*ADD-MS22B F-Search Additives Library from Frontier Laboratories<h4>Can Be Used with a Variety of GC/MS Systems&nbsp;</h4>The library can be used for a variety of GC/MS applications, including pyrolysis GC/MS, which is widely used for the analysis of additives in polymer materials, and liquid sample injection GC/MS. It supports a wide range of additive analysis for customers.<h4>Library Specifications</h4><ul><li>Registered compounds: 5,775+65&nbsp;</li><li>Registered information: Mass spectrum, retention index for each analytical condition, compound name, molecular weight, compositional formula, structural formula, classification of additives</li><li>Applicable models: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=GCMS-QP2050">GCMS-QP™ serie</a>s, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=GCMS-TQ8050">GCMS-TQ™ series</a> (This library does not include MS/MS spectra.)&nbsp;</li><li>Pyrolyzer (Pyrolysis analysis system): <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=43&amp;search=PY-2020D">PY-2020D</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=43&amp;search=PY-2020iD">PY-2020iD</a>, and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=43&amp;search=EGA%2FPY-3030D">EGA/PY-3030D</a></li><li>Workstations: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=GCMSsolution">GCMSsolution</a>™ Ver. 4.6 and later, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=LabSolutions+GCMS">LabSolutions™ GCMS</a>™ Ver. 5.131 and later, LabSolutions DB/CS GCMS Ver. 6.131 and later</li></ul><h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Trace analysis of epichlorohydrin in drinking water using GC-MS coupled with purge and trap</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_003894_gc_single_quad_isq_7610_environmental_an003894_na_en_70123385ae.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is a versatile starting material in the production of drugs and polymers and is also used as an insect fumigant and solvent for organic synthesis reactions. ECH-based polymer pipes are commonly used in the production of drinking water due to their durability and resistance to corrosion. However, ECH is known for its high reactivity and toxicity, which poses significant health risks if it contaminates drinking water. Exposure to ECH can cause respiratory issues, skin irritation, and has been classified as a probable human carcinogen.1Due to these risks, many countries have imposed strict limits on the amount of ECH allowed in drinking water. Recently, Europe set a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 30 parts per trillion (ppt) for ECH in drinking water.2 Whereas typically required detection limits for most compounds mandated for analysis in Europe can be achieved using methods based on static headspace, the stringent MDL required for ECH requires preconcentration, for example using purge and trap (P&amp;T) technology.3,4 This technology involves purging the water sample with an inert gas to release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are then trapped and concentrated for analysis, ensuring reliable detection at very low concentrations. In the United States, the analysis of VOCs in drinking water is mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA requires the use of P&amp;T technology for drinking water analysis to ensure that even trace amounts of harmful compounds like ECH are detected and managed appropriately.&nbsp;The following evaluation describes the use of the ISQ 7610 Single Quadrupole MS system coupled with the Thermo Scientific™ TRACE™ 1610 GC with the Thermo Scientific™ HeSaver-H2 Safer™ split/splitless injector and Teledyne LABS Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T concentrator combined with the AQUATek LVA autosampler for the analysis of ECH in drinking water.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>GC-MS parameters&nbsp;</h5>A <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/486">TRACE 1610 GC</a> was coupled to the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/484">ISQ 7610 MS</a> equipped with the Thermo Scientific™ NeverVent ™ vacuum probe interlock (VPI) and an ExtractaBrite ion source. A <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/1773">Thermo Scientific™ TraceGOLD™ TG-VMS column</a>, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.4 µm film (P/N 26080-3320) was used for compound separation. The HeSaver-H2 Safer SSL injector was utilized to reduce the carrier gas consumption by decoupling the gas used for the chromatographic separation from the gas used to pressurize the inlet and maintain split and purge flows. The critical separations were maintained with a run time of under 15 minutes.For this analysis, the ISQ 7610 MS was operated in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode for increased selectivity, as required for this application. Extended method parameters for the ISQ 7610 MS are shown in Table 2.<h5>Instrument control and data processing&nbsp;</h5>Data was acquired, processed, and reported using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</a>. This software can control both the GC-MS system and the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T with the AQUATek LVA. This allows a single software to be utilized for the full workflow, simplifying the instrument operation. This application note is available for download via the Thermo Scientific™ AppsLab Library, which contains all the parameters needed to acquire, process, and report the analytical data for analysis of ECH.5<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This study demonstrates the capability of the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T with the AQUATek LVA system connected to the ISQ 7610 Single Quadrupole GC-MS to detect and quantify low-level ECH in drinking water samples, in compliance with EPA requirements.&nbsp;<ul><li>Utilizing the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T’s ability to purge with nitrogen, along with using the HeSaver-H₂Safer SSL injector, nearly four times less helium was consumed during the analysis without sacrificing system performance.&nbsp;</li><li>The linearity of the calibration curve from 30 ppt to 5,000 ppt passed method requirements.</li><li>The application proved robust during an extended study with 20 samples of a 1,000 ppt ECH standard injected over a series of 124 injections, obtaining 4.4% precision and 118% accuracy of the recovery.</li></ul>

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 50, 2025

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 15th December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, Shimadzu and brochure by Thermo Fisher Scientific!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Increased Thermal Stability of the DB‑5Q GC Column</h3>Increased signal-to-noise for trace level concentrations of controlled substances<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_stability_gc_column_5994_8658en_agilent_4c52ae52cf.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>The analysis of controlled substances by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) requires a high level of confidence and thus requires a method that provides optimal data quality. Identification of controlled substances relies heavily on comparison of mass spectra to commercially available spectral libraries, and increased column bleed can cause spectral interference at high temperatures. These interferences can lead to poor library matching probabilities.1-3 The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=J%26W+5Q">Agilent J&amp;W 5Q series</a> of gas chromatography columns provide the most thermally stable columns available, which helps to decrease spectral interference due to column bleed and improves data accuracy.&nbsp;Poor thermal stability will cause an increase in the slope of the baseline as the oven temperature is increased, leading to difficult peak integrations and inaccurate quantitation. Additionally, sloped or elevated baselines can lead to a decreased response and a loss of sensitivity for analytes eluting during the oven ramp or at the method’s upper temperature limits. Several commercially available 5ms type columns were compared to the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=J%26W+DB-5Q">Agilent J&amp;W DB-5Q GC column</a> to examine the impact thermal stability has on response at upper temperature limits.&nbsp;<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4>An <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890+GC">Agilent 8890 GC system</a> coupled with an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5977B">Agilent 5977B mass selective detector (GC/MSD)</a> with an inert extractor ion source was used for acquisition of data and MassHunter 10.0 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis software was used for data analysis.&nbsp;A representative toxicology mixture, the Agilent GC/MS forensic toxicology checkout mixture (part number 5190-0471) was used to monitor analytical performance. Calibration standards were prepared in methanol (MeOH) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 3.0&nbsp;μg/mL. An internal standard mix was prepared at 10&nbsp;μg/mL from individual stocks of methamphetamine-d3, diazepam-d5, and hydrocodone-d6 all purchased from Millipore Sigma (St.&nbsp;Louis, MO).<h4>Results and discussion&nbsp;</h4>The testing evaluated the Agilent J&amp;W DB-5Q GC column for the analysis of controlled substances by GC/MS. The increased thermal stability of the DB-5Q is seen in the decreased baseline at higher temperatures, as seen in Figure&nbsp;1, and also provides a decrease in the slope during the oven ramping program.&nbsp;An increase in the slope of the baseline will also decrease the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of an analyte but will also make integration more difficult and lead to less accurate quantitative results. Figure 2 demonstrates the comparison of the DB-5Q and the commercially available 5ms type G column, and the impact to chromatography during the oven ramp. The S/N for the analytes on the oven ramp slope are a factor of ten or greater for the DB-5Q in comparison to the 5ms type G column.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The increased thermal stability of the Agilent J&amp;W DB-5Q GC column demonstrated in this application note provides a decreased baseline at higher temperatures, which allows for an increased response for later eluting compounds at trace level concentrations. The baseline of the DB-5Q remains more consistent as the temperature is increased. This consistency allows for more accurate integration and quantitation for analytes eluting during oven ramping, in comparison to other commercially available 5ms-type columns. The robust DB-5Q column phase maintained peak shape for trace level basic compounds even when stressed with a heavy matrix and is an excellent choice for the analysis of controlled substance&nbsp;analysis.<h3>2. Shimadzu: Quantitative Analysis of Anti-Degradant Additive (6PPD) in Tire Rubber Using Pyrolysis-GC-MS</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00952_en_b95b2348e5.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h5>User Benefits</h5><ul><li>The simple analysis procedure required just cutting off a sample fragment and placing it in a sample cup without pretreatment.</li><li>Utilizing a calibration standard that includes a resin solution allows for analysis under conditions that closely resemble those of samples, which improves the reliability of quantitative measurements.</li><li>With Shimadzu’s Polymer Additive Library, it is possible to acquire information on the additives of identified compounds.</li></ul>6PPD (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) is an anti-degradant (anti-oxidant) additive that is used in many rubber products. Its chemical structure is shown in Fig. 1. It plays an important role in tires by preventing degradation and extending its lifespan. However, when 6PPD reacts with ozone in the atmosphere, it forms a highly toxic substance called 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q).&nbsp;As an automotive tire wears, microscopic particles are released from the tire into the environment. These particles, tire road wear particles (TRWP), contain 6PPD-Q along with many other chemical substances. On rainy days, these particles are washed into rivers and other bodies of water, where they accumulate in the environment as microplastics.&nbsp;There are serious concerns about the negative effects these microplastics have on ecosystems and the environment. 6PPDQ has been shown to induce acute mortality in Salmonidae fish, specifically coho salmon. 1)&nbsp;Currently, there is no commercial alternative that can maintain tire stability and performance with minimal impact on the environment. Research into alternatives requires accurately assessing 6PPD levels in rubber products and objectively determining whether alternative compounds offer equivalent stability and performance while having a reduced impact on the environment.&nbsp;This article describes using a pyrolysis gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (Py-GC-MS) system to measure 6PPD levels in tire rubber.<h4>Analysis Process&nbsp;</h4>ISO/TS 21396describes a method for determining the mass concentration of TRWP in soil and sediment that uses Py-GC-MS. Similar to this method, Py-GC-MS was used for the analysis; however, this article employs optimized analytical conditions. A schematic diagram of the analysis processisshown in Fig. 2. For more information on the analysis conditions and results from the evolved gas analysis (EGA-MS, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=42&amp;search=EGA%2FPY-3030D">EGA/PY-3030D Multi-Shot Pyrolyzer AS-1020E Auto-Shot Sampler</a>, Frontier Laboratories Ltd.) method described in Fig. 2, please see Application News No. 01-00901. The analysis conditions for the thermal desorption (TD)-GC/MS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=GCMS-QP2020+NX">GCMS-QP2020 NX</a>) method used in this article are shown in Table 1. The thermal desorption temperature was chosen based on results obtained by the EGA-MS method.<h4>Qualitative Analysis of Additive&nbsp;</h4>The total ion current (TIC) chromatogram obtained from analyzing the tire rubber is shown in Fig. 4. A spectral library search was also performed using NIST-23 and Shimadzu’s Polymer Additives Library. The library search results for the peak that eluted at around 10.43 minutes are shown in Fig. 5. Based on the results from Shimadzu’s Polymer Additives Library, the peak was estimated to be the anti-degradant Nocrac 6C (a trade name for the chemical 6PPD).<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This article presents an analysis of the additive 6PPD in tire rubber utilizing Py-GC-MS. Good results were obtained for calibration curve linearity, calibration standard repeatability, limit of quantification, and limit of detection. Shimadzu’s Polymer Additives Library was used to identify the additive.<h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Gas chromatography analyzers for the oil &amp; gas industry: upstream to downstream</h3><ul><li>Brochure</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/br_003966_gc_analyzers_trace_1610_industrial_br003966_na_en_44ad1327c6.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Gas chromatography (GC) plays a central role in the oil and gas industry, providing high-accuracy, high-speed analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures from upstream exploration through midstream transport to downstream refining and distribution. Across this value chain, GC supports regulatory compliance, product quality control, custody transfer, and process optimization. As the industry adapts to decarbonization goals and stricter environmental regulations, robust and automated analytical solutions have become essential for monitoring hydrocarbons, impurities, and trace components under demanding 24/7 operational conditions.Thermo Scientific™ GC analyzers are engineered to meet these challenges, with the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/486">TRACE™ 1610 GC</a> platform forming the backbone of a comprehensive portfolio of preconfigured and customizable systems. Its modular “Instant Connect” design enables rapid configuration of injectors, detectors, and valves, reducing downtime and simplifying maintenance. The platform supports multi-detector configurations—including FID, TCD, FPD, PDD, MS, and VUV—allowing a single analyzer to address a broad range of applications, from natural gas composition and BTU determination to sulfur species, fixed gases, and detailed hydrocarbon analysis .Dedicated GC analyzer configurations are available for specific industry needs, including natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGA/NGL), refinery gas analysis (RGA), light hydrocarbons (LPG), oxygenates, aromatics (BTEX), permanent gases, and high-purity gas streams. Advanced techniques such as GC-VUV further simplify complex analyses like PIONA group-type characterization of gasoline, delivering comprehensive compositional data in a single run while reducing calibration effort and cost per sample. These systems are designed to comply with major ASTM, ISO, GPA, DIN, EN, and UOP standards, ensuring global regulatory alignment .Complementing the hardware, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</a> provides an integrated informatics backbone for method control, data processing, reporting, and connectivity to LIMS platforms. This unified approach enhances data integrity, improves workflow efficiency, and enables real-time decision-making across refinery and gas processing operations. Together, Thermo Scientific GC analyzers and integrated software solutions deliver reliable, scalable, and future-ready analytics for the evolving oil and gas industry.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 51, 2025

For more than 30 years, oxygenated compounds have been added to gasoline. The use of oxygenates provides two primary benefits: a reduction in pollution caused by vehicle emissions, as oxygenated gasoline burns more efficiently, and an improvement in overall engine performance.However, the prolonged use of oxygenated compounds has also led to environmental concerns. Increased contamination of groundwater has been observed, primarily due to leaks from underground storage tanks, allowing oxygenates to migrate into soil and water. In addition, because these compounds are highly soluble in water, analytical methods must be carefully optimized to achieve adequate detection limits.<h4>Discussion</h4>This application note investigates purge-and-trap experimental conditions to determine the most efficient and accurate approach for purging highly soluble fuel oxygenates. The study focuses on evaluating the effects of sample volume and purge temperature on analytical performance.The parameters examined include purge volumes of 5 mL, 10 mL, and 25 mL, as well as purge temperatures at room temperature and 60 °C. Experimental results were compared in terms of calibration range, linearity, method detection limits (MDLs), and compound response.A key feature of this study is the use of the EST Encon Evolution purge-and-trap concentrator, which provides enhanced control over moisture introduction into the GC system. Unlike conventional concentrators, the Encon Evolution employs an 8-port valve design that transfers analytes directly from the analytical trap to the GC via the transfer line, while excluding the Moisture Reduction Trap (MoRT) from the desorption pathway. This design is particularly advantageous when operating at elevated purge temperatures, as was required in this study. Flow paths for purge and desorption are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Purge_and_Desrob_Flow_Path_f7c9fec3a8.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 1 &amp; 2: Purge and Desrob Flow Path" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Purge_and_Desrob_Flow_Path_f7c9fec3a8.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1141" height="568"><h4>Experimental</h4><h5>Instrumentation</h5>The sampling and concentration system consisted of an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2159">EST Analytical Centurion WS autosampler</a> coupled to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2160">EST Encon Evolution purge-and-trap concentrator</a>. Experiments were conducted in water mode.The concentrator was configured with a VOCARB 3000 trap and interfaced to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890A">Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph</a> equipped with a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5975C">5975 inert XL mass spectrometer</a>. GC/MS operating parameters were selected to support EPA Method 8260 analysis.<h5>Purge and Trap Parameters</h5><ul><li>Concentrator: EST Encon Evolution</li><li>Trap type: Vocarb 3000</li><li>Valve oven temperature: 150 °C</li><li>Transfer line temperature: 150 °C</li><li>Trap temperature: 35 °C</li><li>Moisture Reduction Trap (MoRT) temperature: 39 °C</li><li>Purge time: 11 min</li><li>Purge flow: 40 mL/min</li><li>Dry purge Temp.: Ambient</li><li>Dry Purge Flow: 40mL/min</li><li>Dry Purge Time: 1.0 min &nbsp;</li><li>Desorb pressure Control: ON</li><li>Desorb Pressure: 12 psi</li><li>Desorb time: 1.0 min</li><li>Desorb temperature: 250 °C</li><li>MoRT bake temperature: 150 °C</li><li>Bake temperature: 265 °C</li><li>Sparge vessel bake temperature: 130 °C</li><li>Bake time: 8 min</li><li>Bake flow: 40 mL/min</li></ul><h5>GC/MS Parameters</h5><ul><li>System: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890%2F5975">Agilent 7890A/5975</a></li><li>Inlet: Split/splitless mode, 200 °C, 40:1 split ratio, 17.311 psi inlet head pressure</li><li>Column: Rtx-624 20m x 0.18mm I.D. 1µm film thickness</li><li>Oven program: 45 °C (1 min) → ramp 18 °C/min → 220 °C, hold for 0.3 min</li><li>Column flow rate: 0.8 mL/min helium</li><li>Total flow: 38.8 mL/min</li><li>Source temperature: 230 °C</li><li>Quadrupole temperature: 150 °C</li><li>Transfer line temperature: 180 °C</li><li>Scan range: m/z 35–265, 3.12 scans/sec</li><li>Solvent delay: 0.7 min</li></ul><h4>Standards and Calibration</h4>Oxygenate standards were obtained from Restek. The California oxygenate mixture included:<ul><li>Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)</li><li>Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)</li><li>tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)</li><li>tert-Butyl alcohol (TBA)</li><li>Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)</li></ul>Most ether compounds were prepared at 2000 µg/mL, while TBA was prepared at 10,000 µg/mL. Ethanol standards were also obtained from Restek at 10,000 µg/mL.Calibration curves consisted of nine concentration levels, ranging from 0.5 to 200 ppb for ether compounds and 2.5 to 1000 ppb for TBA and ethanol. Method detection limits were determined using seven replicate injections at low calibration levels.<h4>Results and Discussion</h4>Evaluation of purge volume and purge temperature demonstrated that increasing sample volume resulted in improved compound response. Additionally, the use of a heated purge at 60 °C significantly enhanced the response of polar compounds, particularly ethanol and TBA, with ethanol response more than doubling under heated purge conditions.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Table_3_Sample_Volume_and_Temperature_Experimental_Results_Summary_ace694091d.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Table 3: Sample Volume and Temperature Experimental Results Summary" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Table_3_Sample_Volume_and_Temperature_Experimental_Results_Summary_ace694091d.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="372">While larger sample volumes generally increased sensitivity, the 10 mL sample volume combined with a 60 °C purge temperature provided the best balance of sensitivity, linearity, and chromatographic performance. This condition also produced the most consistent linear calibration range, especially for ethanol, which is traditionally difficult to analyze using purge-and-trap techniques.Chromatograms comparing room-temperature purge and heated purge conditions (Figures 3 and 4) clearly illustrate the improved peak response and signal stability achieved with heated purging.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_3_50ppb_Chromatogram_with_Room_Temperature_Purge_8ea1cd120f.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 3: 50ppb Chromatogram with Room Temperature Purge" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_3_50ppb_Chromatogram_with_Room_Temperature_Purge_8ea1cd120f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1548" height="688"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_4_50ppb_Chromatogram_with_60_C_Purge_5246c294e6.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 4: 50ppb Chromatogram with 60 °C Purge" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_4_50ppb_Chromatogram_with_60_C_Purge_5246c294e6.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1513" height="773"><h4>Full 8260 and California Oxygenate Analysis</h4>Following optimization, a full EPA Method 8260 calibration and validation was performed using the selected conditions (10 mL sample volume, 60 °C purge). Method performance was evaluated for linearity, precision (%RSD), recovery, and detection limits across the complete compound list.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Table_4_Summary_of_8260_and_California_Oxygenate_Data_614adf67d6.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Table 4: Summary of 8260 and California Oxygenate Data" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Table_4_Summary_of_8260_and_California_Oxygenate_Data_614adf67d6.jpg 211w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1187"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_5_50ppb_Standard_of_8260_and_Fuel_Oxygenates_5edd5bd337.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 5: 50ppb Standard of 8260 and Fuel Oxygenates" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_5_50ppb_Standard_of_8260_and_Fuel_Oxygenates_5edd5bd337.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1219" height="560"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/EST_Analytical_Figure_6_Extracted_Ion_Chromatogram_of_the_50_ppb_Standard_of_the_Fuel_Oxygenate_Compounds_in_the_8260_Mix_1e1684dbca.jpg" alt="EST Analytical: Figure 6: Extracted Ion Chromatogram of the 50 ppb Standard of the Fuel Oxygenate Compounds in the 8260 Mix" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_EST_Analytical_Figure_6_Extracted_Ion_Chromatogram_of_the_50_ppb_Standard_of_the_Fuel_Oxygenate_Compounds_in_the_8260_Mix_1e1684dbca.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1188" height="561">Results demonstrated that the system met or exceeded all method performance criteria. Recoveries and precision were within acceptable limits for both volatile organic compounds and oxygenates, confirming suitability for regulatory compliance applications.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Overall, fuel oxygenate compounds exhibited higher responses with increased sample volume, while purge temperature had the greatest impact on polar analytes, particularly ethanol and TBA. The heated purge at 60 °C, combined with a 10 mL sample volume, produced optimal linearity and sensitivity.The EST Encon Evolution purge-and-trap system, equipped with a Moisture Reduction Trap (MoRT), proved to be highly effective for fuel oxygenate analysis. The system demonstrated excellent moisture control, robust analyte transfer, and reliable performance for both California oxygenates and full EPA 8260 compound lists. In all cases, method performance met or exceeded regulatory requirements.

California Oxygenates and 8260

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 22nd December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, EST Analytical and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Analysis of Ethylene or Propylene Stream Cracking Gas Products</h3>Using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=990+micro">Agilent 990 Micro GC</a><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_ethylene_propylene_stream_cracking_gas_products_5994_8803en_agilent_0cfe53e8f7.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Ethylene or propylene cracking gas products are produced from various feedstocks, including naphtha, light naphtha, atmospheric diesel, depressurized diesel, hydrotreating tail oils, ethane, and liquefied petroleum gas, among others.&nbsp;During gas cracking, yields of ethylene or propylene products should be monitored to measure the effectiveness of the process. The results of these analyses provide important process control data for optimizing cracking production and improving cracking yield—a key process parameter for cracking plants. Common cracking gas products are composed of hydrogen (H2 ), nitrogen (N2), and light hydrocarbons such as ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), propylene (C3H6), propane (C3H8), and 1-butene (C4H8), among&nbsp;others.&nbsp;The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=990+micro">Agilent 990 Micro GC</a> enables fast and accurate detection of ethylene or propylene stream cracking gas products, a fundamental measure for determining the effectiveness of the cracking process. The system's demonstrated utility in refinery gas analysis further supports its suitability.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This study demonstrates the applicability of the Agilent 990 Micro GC for analyzing ethylene or propylene stream cracking gas products, providing essential process control data for optimizing cracking production and yield. Quantitation precision was evaluated through 10&nbsp;consecutive analyses of calibration standard gases, showing retention time (RT) repeatability (%RSD) less than 0.1% and area repeatability (%RSD) less than 1.0% for all compounds. These results confirm the instrument's excellent performance in reliably qualifying and quantifying these stream cracking gas&nbsp;products.<h3>2. EST Analytical: Purge and Trap Extraction of Tea Flavor Components</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Purge_and_Trap_Tea_Flavor_Analysis_by_Purge_and_Trap_9bb392c2c1.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Purge and Trap (P&amp;T) sampling is a universally accepted technique for the analysis of volatile compounds in water. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) have all published methods using P&amp;T for water matrices. However, food and flavor manufacturers have yet to use this technique for the analysis of the volatile flavor components of their products. SPME has become the more accepted technique for flavor analysis.&nbsp;Both SPME and P&amp;T have their limitations. P&amp;T is recommended for volatile analytes and does not work when compounds have higher boiling points. Still, P&amp;T is a reliable technique that has the ability to purge out all of the volatile analytes of a system and detect very low concentrations of those analytes. On the other hand, SPME can be used for sampling a larger amount of semi-volatile compounds and fiber coating selection aids in better discrimination of analyte sampling. Yet, SPME is not an exhaustive sampling technique thus there are detection limitations to the technique. This application note will examine the analysis of white tea samples using P&amp;T sampling.&nbsp;<h4>Experimental</h4>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2160">EST Analytical Evolution Purge and Trap</a> was set up with a Vocarb™ 3000 trap while the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2159">Centurion WS autosampler </a>was set to run in soil mode. The sampling system was configured to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890">Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatograph (GC) </a>and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5975C">5975C inert XL Mass Spectrometer (MS) </a>for separation and analysis. As the compounds of interest for this analysis were volatile, a Restek Rxi® 624 Sil MS 30m X 0.25mm X 1.8um column was affixed in the GC. Sampling and analysis parameters were optimized and are listed in Tables 1 and 2.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Using purge and trap to evaluate the flavor compounds of the tea samples was a reliable sampling technique. The findings were repeatable and the chromatography was excellent. The resulting flavor compounds were easily purged out of the tea matrix and as the technique is exhaustive, there was excellent detection of the flavor compounds in the system. This sampling technique established purge and trap to be an exceptional method for the determination of volatile analytes in tea.<h3>3. Shimadzu: Real-Time Measurement of CH4 and CO2 Concentrations for Estimating Methane Emissions from Rice Fields</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00887_en_adf24e951d.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h5>User Benefits</h5><ul><li>The portability of this gas analyzer means the user can decide where to place it, such as near a rice field, to continuously measure CH4 and CO2 emissions.&nbsp;</li><li>The CGT-7100 analyzer unit has a built-in pump, filter, dehumidifier, and other sample pretreatment equipment, so it does not require other equipment to perform measurements.</li><li>Data can be stored on a USB flash drive for easy editing on a computer or sharing with other departments.</li></ul>CH4 is a gas that has a greenhouse effect about 28 times greater*1 than CO2. One source of CH4 gas emissions is flooded rice fields. They release the CH4 gases generated by microorganisms living in the soil into the atmosphere. Since CH4 emissions from rice fields account for a significant proportion of greenhouse gases emitted from the agriculture, forestry, and fishery industry, various measures are being implemented to reduce emissions, such as managing the water and soil used in rice fields and improvingthe fertilizers used.&nbsp;The closed chamber method measures variations in gas concentrations due to gases exchanged with plants, such as rice. 1) In this article, a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=CGT-7100">CGT-7100</a> portable gas analyzer measures the concentration of CH4 and CO2 generated inside a specialized chamber placed on the surface of rice paddy soil.<h4>CH4 Emitted from Rice Fields&nbsp;</h4>The amount of CO2 emitted from a rice field depends on the amount breathed (emitted) from the rice plant and photosynthesized (absorbed), whereas the amount of CH4 emitted depends on the microorganisms in the soil. Fig. 2 illustrates the process of CH4 emission from rice fields. The microorganisms generate CH4 by decomposing organic matter in the soil. When a rice field is flooded with water, the supply of oxygen to the soil stops and anaerobic microorganisms actively generate CH4. It is thought that the generated CH4 is emitted into the atmosphere via two pathways. One pathway is via the roots and stalks of the rice plants (pathway 1).2),3) Due to the functions of the microorganisms, CH4 concentrations in the soil become higher than inside the plant, resulting in a concentration gradient that dissolves into the root cells. The dissolved CH4 becomes a gas within the narrow gaps between cells and moves along the gaps to the leaf sheath above ground. Pores on the leaf surface then discharge the CH4 into the atmosphere. In the other pathway (pathway 2), CH4 in the soil forms bubbles that are released directly into the atmosphere without passing through the rice plant. Pathway 1 increases the CH4 concentration inside the chamber by a certain proportion, but the quantity and frequency of CH4 emissions via pathway 2 are not clearly known, so there is an element of uncertainty about the estimated quantity of CH4 emitted from rice fields4). Therefore, the frequency that bubbles formed was estimated by analyzing the CH4 concentration measurement results to determine how quickly the CH4 concentration increasedper unit area (methane flux).<h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=CGT-7100">CGT-7100 Portable Gas Analyzer&nbsp;</a></h4>The CGT-7100 is an all-in-one portable continuous gas concentration measuring system (Fig. 3). Because the compact main unit includes a pretreatment unit with a built-in electronic cooler for removing water moisture, a filter for removing dust, and a pump for suctioning sample gas into the analyzer system, the analyzer can be operated independently*2. Up to three components can be selected for measurement. In addition to two of the CO2, CO, and CH4 components being measured by the non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR) method, one component can also be selected for measurement by an O2 analyzer (optional), based on the limiting current type zirconia method. Changes in concentrations over time can be monitored with a wide range of measurements, from ppm to vol%. With the minimum sample gas flowrate of 100 mL/min (optional), gas concentrations can be measured in small sample quantities, and the sample gas flowrate can be varied within the range of 100 to 400 mL/min. As shown in the measurement process flow diagram below, samples can also be measured without losses by including a recirculation system that returns the sample gas discharged from the analyzer to the measurementlocation (inside the chamberin this case).<h4>Non-Dispersive Infrared Absorption (NDIR) Method&nbsp;</h4>The CGT-7100 uses the non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR) method for measurements. CO2 and other heteronuclear gases have unique infrared light absorption spectra. Gas concentrations can be measured selectively by passing infrared light through the sample gas and using the detector to measure the quantity of infrared light in the absorption band that is unique to a given type of gas. Robust and reliable measurements are achieved with the optical system in the NDIR unit, which has an excellent track record among online gas analyzers.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This article describes an example of using a CGT-7100 portable gas analyzer to estimate the amount of CH4 and CO2 emitted from a rice field by continuously measuring CH4 and CO2 concentrationsinside the chamberplaced in a rice paddy.&nbsp;Since the CGT-7100 is a continuous gas analyzer, it is ideal for measuringchangesin gas concentrationsin realtime. The CGT-7100 can be used to observe changes in the levels of CH4 and CO2 or the effects of bubble formation when implementing rice field water and soil management or fertilizer improvement measures.&nbsp;With its built-in sample gas pretreatment and sampling functionality, gas concentrations can be conveniently measured without the need for additional equipment, and the portability of the analyzer means it can measure gas concentrations in a wide variety of locations. If used with a communication unit, measurement data can be viewed and saved remotely via a computer or tablet to accommodate a wide range of testing and research applications.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 52, 2025

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 29th December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis Using the Agilent 8850 GC System</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_fame_analysis_8850_gc_5994_8743en_agilent_2bed33b70d.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Fatty acids are components of fat and are an essential component of a healthy diet. They are found in a variety of foods, including oily fish, nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. Fatty acids can be categorized as saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat (including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids), and trans fat. Unsaturated fatty acids play a beneficial role in maintaining heart and vascular performance. However, artificial trans fatty acids, found in processed foods, should be strictly limited. The measurement of fatty acids in food plays an important role in:<ul><li>Nutritional assessment: Analyzing the omega-3/omega-6 ratio for dietary nutrient balance&nbsp;</li><li>Safety regulation: Identifying health risks such as trans fatty acids&nbsp;</li><li>Quality control: Detecting oil adulteration and process&nbsp;defects&nbsp;</li><li>R&amp;D support: Providing data support for the development of functional foods&nbsp;</li></ul>Techniques available for fatty acid determination in food include gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and spectroscopic techniques. Each technique has its own advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios. For example, liquid chromatography is suitable for analyzing heat-labile fatty acids, but it suffers from low resolution. Fluorescence spectroscopy is simple to operate but susceptible to matrix effects and poor specificity. Gas chromatography is the most used technique for fatty acid measurement. Fatty acids in food primarily exist in the form of triglycerides. Before analysis, triglycerides must be extracted, saponified, and methylated to the corresponding FAMEs. FAMEs are less polar and more volatile than fatty acids, making them suitable for analysis on gas chromatography platforms. Polar columns, such as those with polyethylene glycol and cyanopropyl siloxane stationary phases, are primarily used for the FAMEs analysis. Polyethylene glycol stationary phases are good at analyzing simple fatty acid mixtures and are not suitable for the analysis of cis-trans isomers. A column coated with high‑content cyanopropyl phase is recommended in different analytical methods for FAMEs analysis. However, an analysis based on this phase type usually takes more than 70 minutes to finish, and the retention time (RT) stability is not very good. The Agilent J&amp;W DB-FastFAME column features a modified cyanopropyl phase to accelerate the analysis and improve&nbsp;repeatability.&nbsp;Agilent offers DB-FastFAME columns in different dimensions; the 20-meter and 30-meter sizes can help improve the analysis speed for 37 representative FAMEs in food. Previous work demonstrated the analysis speed improvement using the conventional oven ramp rate on the two columns.1 With the launch of the Agilent 8850 GC, rapid temperature programming can be achieved in an air bath oven. This application note demonstrates the fast analysis of 37 FAMEs using nitrogen (N2 ) and helium (He) carrier gases on the 8850&nbsp;GC. Meanwhile, more complex FAME mixtures including 37&nbsp;FAMEs and 15 trans FAMEs were analyzed on a 90-meter DB-FastFAME column and a 100-meter Agilent J&amp;W HP-88 column to demonstrate the 8850 GC performance in cis/trans FAMEs and position isomers analysis.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>Instrumentation&nbsp;</h5>An <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8850+GC">8850 GC system </a>equipped with a split/splitless inlet and a flame ionization detector (FID) was used for the analysis. An <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7650A">Agilent 7650A automatic liquid sampler (ALS)</a> (part&nbsp;number&nbsp;G4567A) was applied for sample injection.&nbsp;The methods performed on the four analytical columns using He and N2 carrier gases are listed in Table 1. The settings on inlet and detector temperatures are the same. The column head pressure and the oven temperature program were optimized based on the column type and carrier gas. Data were acquired and processed using <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=OpenLab+CDS">Agilent OpenLab CDS</a> 2.8. The list of consumables used is shown in Table 2.<h4>Results and discussion&nbsp;</h4><h5>Fast analysis of 37 fatty acid methyl esters on short&nbsp;columns&nbsp;</h5>The 37 FAMEs mimic the fatty acid composition of many food samples, including most of the important saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FAMEs. They are well‑established and widely accepted reference materials.&nbsp;A 20 m × 0.18 mm&nbsp;id, 0.2&nbsp;µm DB-FastFAME&nbsp;column and a 30&nbsp;m × 0.25 mm&nbsp;id, 0.25 µm DB-FastFAME&nbsp;column were used to demonstrate the high-speed analysis of 37 FAMEs on the 8850 GC. The oven ramp program and column flow rate were based on previous work and further optimized for the 8850 GC. Both He and N2 carrier gas-based methods were developed considering the increasing alternative carrier gas need and lab operation habits in different regions.&nbsp;The GC-FID chromatograms obtained on the two columns using different carrier gases are shown in Figures 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B. All compounds were well resolved in the He methods. Three compound pairs that cannot be baseline-separated are shown in black squares. Among them, the peaks of c22:2n6 and c23:0 had the lowest resolution of 1.27 and 1.31 on the 20-meter and 30-meter columns, respectively, using the He method. The AOAC International Method 996.062 requires separating the FAME pair of adjacent peaks of C18:3 and C20:1 and the FAME trio of adjacent peaks of C22:1, C20:3, and C20:4 with a resolution of 1.0 or greater. This requirement is mainly recommended for high-content cyanopropyl 4 stationary phases. The six probe FAMEs eluted in different orders on the DB-FastFAME column, as marked by the yellow squares in the chromatogram. Their separation exceeded the resolution requirement easily due to the DB-FastFAME column's unique selectivity. The analysis times of the He methods were less than 7 minutes and 10 minutes on the two columns. The analysis speed was five to eight times faster than that of conventional methods.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>A high-speed FAMEs analysis was achieved on an Agilent&nbsp;8850 GC system with excellent repeatability when running the FAMEs standards on specially engineered 20-meter and 30-meter Agilent J&amp;W DB-FastFAME columns under optimized oven programs. The analysis time is less than 10&nbsp;minutes using He carrier gas and less than 15&nbsp;minutes using N2 carrier gas, which is five to eight times faster than the conventional method. Peak resolutions obtained by the fast methods met the AOAC 996.06 standard requirements. The methods can help improve lab productivity significantly for routine analysis of 37 FAMEs.&nbsp;The analysis of 52 FAMEs on 90-meter DB-FastFAME and 100-meter Agilent J&amp;W HP-88 columns demonstrated that the 8850 GC can deliver performance equivalent to the Agilent 8890 GC system when analyzing complex fatty acids—including cis/trans fatty acids and positional isomers— in terms of resolution, area repeatability (&lt; 2.5%), and RT&nbsp;precision (&lt; 0.04%).<h3>2. Shimadzu: Quantification of 8 Disinfection Byproducts from Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Gas Chromatography-MassSpectrometry</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_07_2507_en_52b8f30f0c.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Disinfectants such as chlorine and chloramine are widely used to eliminate microorganisms in water. However, these disinfectants react with naturally occurring chemical constituents, such as amino acids and other labile organic chemicals, forming a range of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Chronic exposure to DBPs elevates the risk of developing cancer, liver damage, and decreased nervous system activity. Hence, accurate detection and quantification of DBPs in water is crucial.&nbsp;Although official recommended method for measuring DBPs is based on GC/ECD, GC/MS offers significant advantages in terms of simultaneous quantification and identification of both known and unknown compounds in a single analysis, providing comprehensive data on complex water samples. Unlike ECD, which has a limited dynamic range and can only detect electroactive compounds, MS offers a broader dynamic range, allowing the detection of analytes at varying concentrations. Additionally, GC/MS provides superior sensitivity, specificity, and structural information, making it the ideal method for detailed, high-precision analysis of disinfection byproducts and other water contaminants.<h4>2.2. Analytical Conditions</h4><h5>Preparation of instrument and analysis:</h5>The analytical method was established, and the instrument parameters are detailed in Table 1. Prior to the analysis, both the instrument and the column were conditioned. The “HighSensitivity” autotune mode of the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=GCMS-QP2020+NX">GCMS-QP2020 NX</a> was used for the analysis. A standard solution containing 500 ppb of the target analytes, surrogate, and internal standard was injected using the MS fullscan mode to determine the retention times.The peaks corresponding to the target compounds, internal standard, and surrogate were identified using the NIST GC/MS library. Quantifier and qualifier ions for each analyte were selected, and a compound table was created accordingly and the same was used to develop a Scan/SIM method using the “Creation of Automatic Scan/SIM Table” (COAST) wizard within the GCMSsolutionTM software. The ultra-fast scanning capability (20,000 u/s) of the GCMS-QP2020 NX enables simultaneous acquisition of Scan and SIM events without compromising data quality.&nbsp;The newly created Scan/SIM method was used for the quantification and reporting of analytical data. Calibration standards were analyzed. The data and the calibration curve, using the internal standard method, were processed using LabSolutions InsightTM software which enables the analysis of large numbers of data simultaneously. Following this, both the unspiked and spiked (5 ppb) samples were analyzed and quantified.<h4>3. Result and Discussion</h4>A 6-point calibration curve was created for all target analytes. A good linear response, with correlation coefficients (r²) greater than 0.99, and accuracy within 80-120% was observed for all analytes. A signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ≥ 10 was observed for all analytes at 5 ppb standard. The results are shown in Table 2.<h4>4. Conclusion</h4><ul><li>A highly sensitive GC/MS method was developed for 8 halogenated DBPs using Shimadzu GCMS-QP2020 NX following USEPA 551.1 sample preparation protocol.&nbsp;</li><li>Excellent linearity results and recovery results at 5.0 ppb concentration for all the analytes demonstrate that the analytical workflow is suitable for analyzing the listed DBPs in tap water using GC/MS technique at a low concentration level.</li></ul>

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 53, 2025

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 5th January 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, EST Analytical and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Ultrasensitive and Powerful GC/MS/MS for Analyzing Multipesticides in Black Pepper and Dried Tea</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_gcms_ms_black_pepper_5994_8783en_agilent_4b1cc85920.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Pesticides play a vital role in safeguarding crops and are indispensable in most farming settings to secure high yields.1 Regulatory authorities, including the Codex Alimentarius and the European Commission mandate the monitoring and reporting of pesticide residues found in or on food product.2 The analysis of pesticides in food faces several major challenges, such as the variety of pesticide classes, the complexity of different food matrices, the effects of these matrices, and the detection of target analytes at low&nbsp;concentrations.3&nbsp;According to the EU's SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines, black pepper and dried tea are considered among the difficult or unique commodity matrices for multiresidue pesticide analysis.4 The matrix interferences are complex and diverse, including carbohydrates, fats, piperine, terpenoids (for black pepper)5 , and caffeine (in dried tea). "For dried tea, matrix interferences include polyphenols, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, free amino acids, high caffeine levels, and&nbsp;catechins".6&nbsp;In addition to affecting the analyte signals, matrix interferences can cause the system to become contaminated more quickly. This leads to a rapid decline in the sensitivity of the analytical instrument, and necessitates frequent maintenance, significantly reducing laboratory productivity. These are the current challenges faced by laboratories when analyzing pesticides in difficult and complex matrices.&nbsp;To overcome these challenges, Agilent offers a robust solution with its backflush and JetClean self-cleaning ion source technologies integrated into the high-sensitivity 7010B GC/TQ system. Backflush technology prevents high‑boiling contaminants from reaching the detector, reducing the need for frequent maintenance and extending column life.7 This ensures consistent performance and minimizes downtime, thereby enhancing laboratory productivity.&nbsp;With JetClean technology, your lab can significantly increase instrument uptime, as fewer manual cleanings are needed, maximizing productivity. This technology helps maintain data quality by ensuring a clean ion source, which guarantees run-to-run reproducibility. Additionally, JetClean enhances operator convenience through automated cleaning, requiring virtually no user intervention.8 Combined with the ultrasensitivity of the 7010B GC/TQ system, these technologies provide precise and reliable analysis of pesticides in complex matrices such as black pepper and dried tea. Agilent’s comprehensive approach effectively mitigates matrix interferences, preserves instrument sensitivity, and significantly boosts overall efficiency in pesticide analysis.This application note describes a detailed approach for the simultaneous quantification of 284 pesticides in black pepper and dried tea samples. Agilent's solution for complex matrices demonstrates the sensitivity of the 8890 GC/7010B GC/TQ and confirms its robustness when using backflush and JetClean techniques.&nbsp;<h4>Experimental and chemicals</h4><h5>GC/TQ parameters&nbsp;</h5>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890">8890 GC</a>/<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7010B">7010B GC/TQ systems</a> (Figure 1) were optimized for wide calibration range performance. Equipped with an Agilent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7693A">7693A automatic liquid sampler </a>and a 150-position tray, the GC operated in temperature‑programmed splitless injection mode with a multimode inlet. Detailed instrument parameters can be found in Table 1. Data acquisition was in dynamic MRM (dMRM) mode, enabling analysis of 284 pesticides with 1233 MRM transitions and up to 74 concurrent MRMs (see Figure 2). Retention time was synchronized with the Agilent Pesticides and Environmental Pollutants (P&amp;EP) 4.0 MRM Database, streamlining method&nbsp;setup.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This application note describes an approach for the analysis of multipesticides in complex and distinctive matrices, including black pepper and dried tea using the Agilent 8890 GC/7010B GC/TQ. The comprehensive solution successfully addresses the challenges encountered when analyzing multipesticides in difficult matrices such as black pepper and dried tea. The high sensitivity of the 7010B GC/TQ enables the application of deep dilution methods. Additionally, the use of backflush technology combined with the Agilent JetClean self-cleaning ion source ensures system stability and robustness, enhancing the operational efficiency of testing laboratories and reducing equipment downtime during&nbsp;maintenance.<h3>2. EST Analytical: Static Headspace Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Flex_8260_by_Static_Headspace_7ddf2e4157.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>Discussion</h4>Purge and trap sampling involves purging the VOCs out of the matrix and trapping the analytes onto an analytical trap, the trap is then desorbed to the GC/MS. This process has a number of pros and cons. On the positive side, purge and trap is more sensitive. It is also the recommended sampling technique for USEPA Methods. Furthermore, the advent of autosampling systems has simplified sample preparation. However, purge and trap does have some negatives, including active sites, worries about foaming samples, and trap degradation.Static headspace sampling, on the other hand, is much simpler than purge and trap sampling. For this sampling technique, the sample is brought to equilibrium and a portion of the headspace is transferred to the GC/MS for separation and analysis. The simplicity of this technique is a definite pro. Moreover, this sampling process does not develop active sites, has no need for an analytical trap and the linear calibration range can be much higher than that of purge and trap sampling. Conversely, samples need to be manually prepped thus, losing their sample integrity. Additionally, the detection limits are higher for a number of compounds. Finally, some of the analytes do not partition into the headspace well enough and need method optimization.&nbsp;In recent years, GC/MS systems have become much more sensitive. The advent of SIM/Scan acquisition techniques has made low level detection a much simpler proposition. This analysis will focus on the headspace sampling and analysis of over 50 volatile organic compounds.&nbsp;<h4>Experimental</h4>The sampling system used for this analysis was the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2162">EST Analytical FLEX autosampler</a> fitted with a 2.5ml headspace syringe. An <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890+GC">Agilent 7890 GC</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5975">5975 MS</a> were used for separation and analysis. The GC was configured with a Restek Rxi 624 Sil MS 30m x 250mm x 1.4µm column and a SKY 2mm x 6.5 x 78.5 splitless inlet liner. The MS was run in SIM/Scan mode. Refer to Tables 1 and 2 for the analysis and sampling parameters.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Static headspace sampling in conjunction with SIM/Scan acquisition proved to be a good alternative to purge and trap sampling for a number of USEPA Method 8260 compounds. The curve %RSD results showed the linearity of the curve to meet the USEPA Method 8260 requirement of 15% or better. The method detection limits of all the compounds tested also passed method requirements. Lastly, the precision and accuracy of the autosampling and analysis system was excellent, with the average precision at less than 6% RSD and the average %recovery at just over 101%.<h3>3. Shimadzu: Aromatic Component Analysis of Gasoline According to ASTM D5580 Using the Brevis GC- 2050 Gas Chromatograph</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_01024_en_039b304288.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Aromatics, such as toluene and xylene, are sometimes added to gasoline to improve the octane number. Measuring the levels of these aromatics is essential for quality control in gasoline production. It is also important for environmental protection, in particular, for reducing emissions of benzene, a hazardous substance, as well as for sustainable energy use that reduces the environmental impact of gasoline while maintaining its performance.ASTM D55801) is a standard test method that uses gas chromatography to measure aromatics in gasoline. Gasoline aromatics can be separated more effectively by switching between two gas chromatography columns of different polarities and venting non-aromatic components from the system. This Application News describes using the Brevis GC2050 gas chromatograph to determine aromatics in gasoline by applying ASTM D5580.<h4>Equipment Configuration and Analytical Conditions&nbsp;</h4>The system comprises a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=Brevis+GC-2050">Brevis GC-2050 gas chromatograph</a>, an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=AOC-30">AOC-30</a> for sample injection, and a VB-30-S heated valve box. Aromatics were determined using two sets of Analysis Conditions that were tailored to measure different components (Table 1). Note that the timing of the flow path switching and other conditions needs to be adjusted according to the columns being used and the operating environment.<h4>Determining Aromatics in Gasoline&nbsp;</h4>A gasoline sample was prepared by adding 2 to 10 wt% aromatics and 10 wt% of an internal standard (2-hexanone) and then analyzed under Analysis Conditions A and Analysis Conditions B. Fig. 2 shows the chromatograms obtained under each set of Analysis Conditions. Despite gasoline containing large amounts of hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and other impurities, these impurities did not appear as peaks in the chromatograms, and only the aromatics added to the gasoline were detected. These results verify the utility of using flow path switching to effectively utilize the characteristics of two different columns.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>A flow path switching valve was installed on a Brevis GC-2050 gas chromatograph to enable the determination of gasoline aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p/m-xylene, oxylene, and C9+ aromatics) according to ASTM D5580.&nbsp;This system can switch between different columns during analysis to determine specific aromatics from among the many compounds present in gasoline. Analysis was performed under two sets of conditions, each using different flow path switching times. This method met the requirements for linearity and reproducibility described in ASTM D5580. The timing of flow path switching can also be adjusted to allow the targeted determination of oxygenates in gasoline. The ability to perform multiple analyses on a single system means the Brevis GC-2050 offers even greater functionality as a compact gas chromatograph.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 02, 2026

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 12th January 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, Shimadzu and brochure by Thermo Fisher Scientific!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Volatile PFAS in Cosmetics Using PAL3 Coupled with Triple Quadrupole GC/MS</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_pfas_cosmetics_pal3_gc_tq_5994_8752en_agilent_52b56afd36.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic organic chemicals containing carbon chains where most or all the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine. Due to the strength and stability of the carbon‑fluorine bond, PFAS tend to be very stable and chemically inert, which makes them both very useful in various applications and resistant to degradation. This persistence causes environmental contamination and bioaccumulation in humans and wildlife; as a result, PFAS are often labeled "forever chemicals".1&nbsp;In cosmetics, PFAS are valued for their functional properties, including emulsification, stabilization, and water or sweat resistance. Despite these benefits, concerns have grown over their safety due to direct exposure from repeated use through skin, eyes, and mouth. The OECD's 2024 report underscores the risks associated with PFAS in cosmetic formulations, particularly given their potential for long-term health and environmental impacts.2,3 Regulators around the world are taking decisive steps to ban or restrict PFAS in cosmetics. For example, in the EU, various types of PFAS have been regulated under REACH and POPs regulations that span most industries, including cosmetics.4,5 EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009 has listed the five types of PFAS as the substances prohibited.6 A broader EU-wide ban is underway, with France having passed its own ban on PFAS in cosmetics effective 1 January 2026, as part of a larger proposal to ban PFAS in consumer products.7,8 The US has not banned the use of PFAS in cosmetics at the federal level yet. The USFDA has been evaluating the use of PFAS in cosmetics under the authority of the Cosmetic Regulatory Modernization Act (MoCRA), and is expected to release a report on safety and risk by the end of 2025.9 Although the federal government is still on the sidelines, many states in the US have been rapidly enacting or implementing the ban and reporting requirements for PFAS in cosmetics, with effective dates ranging from 2025 to 2032.10-13 Canada has proposed a ban on the use of PFAS in various consumer products, including cosmetics.14 South Korea has added 12 PFAS into a restricted substances list for cosmetic products in 2024.15 The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) of New Zealand has officially announced a ban on the use of PFAS in cosmetic products, effective from 31 December 2026.16&nbsp;As regulations surrounding PFAS continue to evolve, developing a sensitive and robust analytical method is crucial to meet stringent guidelines. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a fully automated workflow using PAL3&nbsp;Series&nbsp;2 RTC autosampler coupled with an Agilent 7010D triple quadrupole GC/MS to quantify more than 30&nbsp;volatile PFAS analytes in cosmetics. The automation method performance includes sensitivity, accuracy, and precision studies.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>Instrumentation&nbsp;</h5>An <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890+GC">Agilent 8890 GC </a>with a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7010D">7010D GC/TQ</a> equipped with HES 2.0 ion source, coupled with a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=PAL3">PAL3</a> Series 2 RTC autosampler, was used for this analysis. An MMI inlet and splitless liner (part number 5190-2293) were used and chromatographic separation was performed using an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=J%26W+DB-624">Agilent J&amp;W DB-624</a>, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.40 μm column (part number 122-1334UI). The instrument setup is shown in Figure 1. The acquisition method for 34 native PFAS and four ISTDs, including GC condition, TQ parameters were described in a previous application note.17<h4>Sample analysis&nbsp;</h4>Seven cosmetic samples from various brands—including foundations, lipsticks, and mascaras—were analyzed. One liquid foundation was designated as a quality control (QC) sample, while the remaining six were treated as unknowns. According to the OECD report published in 2024, cosmetic products such as shampoo, eye makeup, foundation, facial cleansers, lipsticks, and lip glosses may contain PFAS, which serve functional or performance-enhancing roles.2,19 In this study, several PFAS compounds were detected above the method detection limit (MDL) in the unknown samples, including 10:2 FTOH, MeFHxSA, MeFOSE, EtOSE and 1H,1H‑perfluorooctyl acrylate. The results also demonstrated that the automated workflow is effective for PFAS extraction and quantitation in cosmetic matrices.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>An accurate and robust automated workflow was successfully developed using the PAL3 Series 2 RTC autosampler coupled with the Agilent 7010D GC/TQ system for the analysis of volatile PFAS in cosmetic products. Most PFAS targets achieved an LOQ of 50 µg/kg and MDL below 1.5 µg/kg, with recoveries falling within the acceptable range of 60% to 110%. These results demonstrate excellent extraction efficiency and reliability of the automated workflow. Furthermore, automation significantly reduces human error and enhances productivity, while maintaining high sensitivity in PFAS analysis.<h3>2. Shimadzu: Simplifying Multicomponent Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds with the Polyarc Microreactor for GC</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00945_en_9f7adeedc4.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>The Polyarc system converts organic compounds eluting from the column into methane, enabling sensitivity to be normalized to carbon concentrations.&nbsp;</li><li>Even for compounds containing heteroatoms or unsaturated bonds, which tend to show lower sensitivity with FID, the Polyarc reduces response differences.&nbsp;</li><li>Because the response is normalized, fewer calibration curves are required even for multicomponent sample analysis.</li></ul>The Flame Ionization Detector (FID), the most widely used detector for GC, is used for quantitative analysis across a wide range of fields because it can detect almost all organic compounds. However, FID can exhibit sensitivity differences depending on the compound type, such as compounds containing heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) or those with unsaturated bonds (for details, refer to Application News No.01-01033-EN). As a result, conventional quantitative methods using calibration curves— including external standard methods— typically require a separate calibration curve for each target analyte. This application introduces a case study analyzing a mixed solution of eleven compounds with different functional groups using the Polyarc, a GC microreactor. While compounds exhibit varying sensitivity with FID detection, the Polyarc system reduces sensitivity differences between compounds and facilitates quantitative analysis through simplified calibration curve creation.<h4>Overview of the Polyarc</h4>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?search=Polyarc">Polyarc</a> is a post-column microreactor installed between the column and the FID. The main unit is mounted on the GC’s top panel. A schematic isshown in Fig. 1. Organic compounds introduced into the Polyarc via the column are fully converted to methane in two steps—oxidation followed by reduction (Fig. 2)—and are ultimately detected by FID. Because the FID detects methane, sensitivity is determined by the number of carbons, regardless of the original organic compound’s functional groups. For example, 1 mol of 1- propanol (C3H8O) is detected as 3 mol of methane.<h4>Analytical Conditions&nbsp;</h4>In this application, the sample was prepared by dissolving nheptane, cyclohexane, toluene, o-xylene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA), pyridine, and 1,2-dichloroethane in methanol so that each compound was 500 ppm (v/v%). Analytical conditions are shown in Table 1. The instrument used was a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=Nexis+GC-2030">Nexis GC-2030</a> equipped with the Polyarc Ultra was used.(Fig. 3) Polyarc can be installed on both the Nexis GC-2030 and the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=Brevis+GC-2050">Brevis GC-2050</a>. Additionally, in this application, N2 was used as the carrier gas for affordability and safety, enabling cost-effective analysis.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Analyzing multicomponent samples with a Polyarc confirmed that sensitivity differences due to functional groups can be reduced. Compounds containing heteroatoms or unsaturated bonds can be analyzed with relative response comparable to hydrocarbons when a Polyarc is used. Peak area reproducibility was excellent, with %RSD &lt; 1. Additionally, it was confirmed that analyzing at least one compound of known concentration enables quantitation of compounds with unknown concentration—i.e., calibration curve preparation can be omitted.Table 5 summarizes the benefits of using a Polyarc system. The Polyarc simplifies multicomponent quantitative analysis and enables high-sensitivity analysis of compounds that are poorly detected by FID. Note that for certain compounds, adsorption in the inlet or similar effects may prevent achieving a relative response equivalent to that of saturated hydrocarbons.<h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Targeted MS quantitation - Controlled and accessed from anywhere (Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ 7.4 software)</h3><ul><li>Brochure</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/BR_70660_CDS_Chromeleon_BR_70660_EN_a0bf1ab440.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ 7.4 software</a> is presented as a centralized, server-based data system designed to consolidate mass spectrometry laboratories by connecting instruments, users, and data within a single, scalable platform. It enables secure access to data and instruments from anywhere, while centrally managing methods, templates, and reports to streamline daily laboratory operations.The software is fully optimized for targeted MS quantitation workflows, offering native control of Thermo Scientific single and triple quadrupole as well as high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) MS instruments. Advanced data processing tools support targeted quantitation, screening, intact mass deconvolution, MSⁿ library searching, and customizable reporting, making Chromeleon suitable for biopharma, environmental, and food safety applications.A strong emphasis is placed on compliance and data integrity. Chromeleon 7.4 supports GxP, ISO, and 21 CFR Part 11 requirements through granular user controls, audit trails, electronic signatures, and versioned results. Built-in network failure protection, centralized databases, and secure remote access ensure high availability, resilience, and scalability from small on-premise installations to multi-site or cloud deployments.The brochure also highlights Chromeleon’s role in advanced bioanalysis and environmental workflows, including intact protein characterization, multi-attribute methods (HR-MAM), PFAS analysis, pesticides, dioxins, and PCBs. Integration with complementary Thermo Scientific software further enables end-to-end workflows from compliant data acquisition to targeted processing, reporting, and long-term data management.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 03, 2026

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 19th January 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, BaySpec and Metrohm!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Micro GC Analysis of Permanent Gas Impurities in PEM Fuel Cell-Grade Hydrogen</h3>According to SAE J2719, ISO 14687, EN 17124, and ISO 19880-8<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_micro_gc_analysis_gas_impurities_pem_fuel_5994_8830en_agilent_a5dca09e4b.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Quality requirements for hydrogen purity vary with application. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell hydrogen is the application with the most stringent specification. Hydrogen purity specifications for other applications, i.e. residential or industrial use, typically allow for higher levels of specific&nbsp;contaminants.&nbsp;For PEM fuel cell-grade hydrogen, there are several key methods regulating quality. Some methods may also cover other scopes, but where they pertain to PEM fuel cell-grade hydrogen, they align on specific requirements for purity level and limit concentrations of specific contaminants.&nbsp;<ul><li>SAE J2719 specifies hydrogen fuel quality requirements for PEM fuel cell vehicles, such as hydrogen-powered cars.&nbsp;</li><li>ISO 14687 specifies minimum quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel for various applications, including residential, commercial, industrial, stationary systems, and vehicular use.&nbsp;</li><li>EN 17124 specifies the quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel dispensed at hydrogen refueling stations for use in PEM fuel cell vehicle systems.</li><li>ISO 19880-8 specifies the quality of the gaseous hydrogen at hydrogen distribution facilities and hydrogen fueling stations for PEM fuel cells for road vehicles.&nbsp;</li></ul>Micro GC is a suitable choice of technique for covering analysis of permanent gases in ultra high purity (UHP) hydrogen (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, and methane). The small internal volume of the MEMS-based µTCD in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">Agilent 990 Micro GC</a> means that lower detection levels can be achieved when compared to regular TCDs, allowing for detection of contaminants in the single-digit ppm range. Note that ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde can also be detected with Micro GC; however, additional/different columns might be required. Sensitivity requirements below 1 ppm may require alternate techniques.<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4>The method developed covers permanent gases defined in SAE J2719, and by default, also ISO 14687, ISO 19880‑8, and EN 17124. The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">990 Micro GC</a> system was set up similar to the method described in Agilent application note 5994‑2138EN.1 A 20 m MS5A straight channel on hydrogen carrier gas was used. Table 2 lists experimental conditions for method development. A 20 m molsieve provides sufficient separation for the argon/oxygen peak pair at low-ppm concentrations.2 For best results, the column was operated at a low temperature of 30 °C. Hydrogen was used as carrier gas to completely mask the bulk hydrogen matrix peak, resulting in separation of the helium and neon baseline3 , while still allowing for a similar sensitivity as with the helium carrier. The hydrogen carrier allows helium (He), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2 ), methane (CH4 ), and even neon (Ne) to be measured at their required levels. Carbon monoxide (CO) that elutes from the molsieve column is not part of the scope. SAE J2719 requires these to be measured at the sub-ppm level, which is too low for Micro GC. Table 3 lists the composition of calibration gas used. The system was calibrated using single‑point calibration.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The Agilent 990 Micro GC setup, described with a single 20&nbsp;m straight molsieve column running hydrogen carrier gas is capable of meeting the hydrogen quality requirement in SAE J2719 and other comparable UHP hydrogen methods for select permanent gases (He, Ar, O2, N2, CH4 ). The critical component, oxygen, can reliably be measured below the required five ppm level. Precision and accuracy are excellent for all components, and with a short runtime of five&nbsp;minutes, this analytical option can deliver 10–12 runs per hour. Detection of other components listed in SAE J2719, i.e.&nbsp;ammonia or CO/CO2 , will require different equipment.<h3>2. BaySpec: Detecting Toxins on Cannabis Leaves with Portable Miniature Mass Spectrometer</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Bay_Spec_App_Note_Toxin_Detection_on_Cannabis_Leaves_with_Portability_Mass_Spectrometer_b15213c47e.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Mass spectrometry in connection with different separa‐ tion techniques currently represents the main analytical approach for determination of residual pesticides in the Food &amp; Agriculture industry. Traditionally, samples need to be collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis using techniques such as GC‐MS or HPLC‐MS, which are costly and time‐consuming. In addition, the conventional mass spectrometer usually requires laborious sample pre‐ treatment, which does not allow for immediate in‐situ sample determination.Presented in this application note are data from a ther‐ mal desorption electrospray ionization (TD‐ESI) or atmso‐ pheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source coupled to a portable mass spectrometer for toxin screening of cannabis leaves.&nbsp;&nbsp;Bayspec’s <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2219">Portability mass spectrometer</a> is less than 10 kg, highly portable, and battery‐operated.&nbsp;&nbsp;Its linear ion trap mass analyzer can perform fast in‐field detection of analytes, including residual toxins, by direct sampling of the surfaces of fresh food and plant products without any sample pre‐treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this study, BaySpec’s sampling probe was used to directly swab the surface of cannabis leaves and inserted into the TD‐ESI or APCI sample inlet system for real time analysis. Four different samples were studied:&nbsp;<ul><li>Fresh cannabis leaves&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with PBO&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with myclobutanil&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with paraquat</li></ul>All sprayed samples were air‐dried prior to screening.&nbsp;&nbsp;No sample preparation was done to test the leaves.&nbsp;&nbsp;Both TD‐ ESI and APCI ionization methods tested positive for THC and toxins where applicable.&nbsp;&nbsp;See Figure 3 for recorded spectra.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due to short analysis times (1‐5 seconds per sample), this technique allows for fast screening for applications in food and environmental safety. MS (as well as MS/MS) analyses can be performed on surface‐residual toxins at parts per billion levels.&nbsp; &nbsp; The TD‐ESI ion source with PortabilityTM miniature mass spectrometer is available from BaySpec.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This system does not require any add‐ itional support, external po‐ wer or gases. The simple in‐ tuitive software interface is operated by touch screen and makes the instrument ex‐ tremely easy to control. The external TD‐ESI source is fully integrated into the main software environment and the turn‐key system is user‐ friendly, does not require excessive training, and can be operated by persons with no previous mass spectrometry experiences<h3>3. Metrohm: Monitoring phosphate reactions in real time with Raman spectroscopy</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_rs_054_download_d034c2ebb5.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>CURRENT METHODES FOR REACTION ANALYSIS</h4>Titration is highly effective for quantifying phosphate and sulfate species to determine reaction completion and final product composition in fertilizers. Gravimetric analysis is used to quantify insoluble byproducts like gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Both techniques require sample collection, hazardous reagents, and manual processing – all of which introduce time delays and incur costs with every measurement. This Application Note describes how Raman spectroscopy was used as an alternative method to monitor a simplified phosphate fertilizer production process under laboratory conditions.&nbsp;<h4>METHOD</h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=220&amp;search=+i-Raman">Raman spectroscopy</a> is well suited to monitor phosphate species due to its high selectivity and nondestructive nature. Furthermore, it can simultaneously detect sulfate ions, enabling real-time analysis of multi-component reaction systems. In this study, dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4, hereafter referred to as DCP) is used as a model compound for phosphate rock. In a 100 mL beaker, 500 mg of DCP was dissolved in 10 mL of 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) (Equation 1). To simulate industrial reaction conditions and introduce sulfate ions, 0.25 mL of 1.0 mol/L sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was then added. The use of low-concentration HCl ensures safe handling and facilitates clear identification of the sulfate (SO42−) Raman peak.<h4>CONCLUSION</h4>Raman spectroscopy proved to be an effective tool for monitoring a phosphate fertilizer production process, providing clear insights into phosphate speciation, sulfate concentration, and precipitation dynamics. Raman spectral changes revealed transitions in phosphate protonation states and the formation of calcium-based precipitates. These capabilities support enhanced process control and product quality in phosphate fertilizer manufacturing.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 04, 2026

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 26th January 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you brochure by Agilent Technologies and application notes by BaySpec, Metrohm and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Maintain Power Grid Integrity - Agilent transformer oil gas analyzers</h3><ul><li>Brochure</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/br_toga_gc_analyzer_5994_8705en_agilent_82106c7de8.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Agilent transformer oil gas analyzers (TOGA) are designed to help utilities and service laboratories maintain power grid integrity by monitoring the condition of electrical transformers through dissolved gas analysis (DGA). Transformer oil degrades under electrical, thermal, and mechanical stress, generating characteristic gases whose composition and ratios provide early warning of developing faults. By reliably identifying and quantifying these gases, TOGA systems enable predictive maintenance, help prevent catastrophic transformer failures, and support informed asset management decisions.The analyzers are built around the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890">Agilent 8890 gas chromatograph</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8697">8697 headspace sampler</a> and are factory-configured, tested, and performance-verified for immediate deployment. They support ASTM D3612 methods A and C, offering flexible configurations for vacuum extraction or headspace sampling. Automated operation allows unattended analysis of up to 120 samples, while high-performance Agilent J&amp;W PLOT columns ensure excellent separation, reproducibility, and reliable detection of key fault gases such as hydrogen, carbon oxides, methane, ethylene, acetylene, and higher hydrocarbons.Agilent TOGA systems are delivered as complete workflow solutions, minimizing method development time and accelerating system validation. Intelligent instrument diagnostics, microchannel-based electronic pneumatic control, and remote access capabilities improve reliability, uptime, and ease of operation. Integrated quality-control procedures—from factory testing through on-site installation—ensure consistent performance and traceability from day one.Data acquisition, analysis, and reporting are supported by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=OpenLab+CDS">OpenLab CDS</a>, which provides a unified platform with high data integrity, streamlined workflows, and secure records management. Combined with Agilent’s extensive service, training, and support offerings, TOGA analyzers represent a robust, future-ready solution for dissolved gas analysis in transformer oil, helping protect critical energy infrastructure while reducing operational risk<h3>2. BaySpec: Drug Screening using Compact Portable Device for Supervised Injection Sites</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Bay_Spec_App_Note_Drug_Screening_Using_Portable_Mass_Spectrometer_for_Supervised_Injection_Sites_5d1c131cec.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>In response to the rising epidemic, some governments have passed bills making supervised injection sites (SIS) a potential avenue for reducing the rate of drug overdoses. SISs are health care facilities where staff are trained to provide health education, support and connections to services as well as intervening in serious adverse events such as drug overdoses. They provide a safe, hygienic and non-judgement environment in which individuals may consume illicit drugs without fear of arrest.&nbsp;The benefits of SIS are to:&nbsp;(1) prevent an overdose from becoming fatal through quick intervention, (2) reduce the frequency of public injection and publicly discarded syringes, (3) increase access to health services including substance use treatment, and (4) change behaviors associated with acquiring HIV and hepatitis.&nbsp;The benefits of drug checking services within an SIS are:&nbsp;(1) it provides the consumer information about the contents of their drugs prior to consumption allowing them take steps to reduce their risk of overdose, (2) it identifies when a highly toxic substance may be in the local drug supply so advisories can be issued to local service agencies and first responders, (3) it encourages use of supervised injection services and the benefits mentioned above, and (4) it detects novel substances or drug combinations that may impact the consumer.&nbsp;Initially approved by the Canadian federal government in 2017, the nation now has four official SISs in operation in Ottawa and four sites approved in Toronto. While most SISs are prepared to respond quickly to overdoses, a better practice is to screen drugs for harmful impurities prior to injection. Some SISs are taking such precautions by providing the option for clients to test their drugs prior to injection with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2219">BaySpec’s Portability Mass Spectrometer</a>, a low maintenance, cost effective, portable instrument weighing only 20 pounds.<h3>3. Metrohm: Assessment of chocolate with Raman spectroscopy</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_rs_052_download_a849b96c87.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>Rapid quality control of different chocolate types&nbsp;</h4>Application Note AN-RS-052 In 2024, the global chocolate market was valued at approximately $131 billion USD. It is projected to reach approximately $173 billion by 2030, implying a steady growth rate of roughly 4% [1]. This growth is driven by sustained consumer demand and is expected to continue rising.&nbsp;Spectroscopy is increasingly utilized in chocolate manufacturing for quality control (QC), thanks to its ability to assess the composition of chocolate, providing a «fingerprint» spectrum that reveals its chemical details. Specifically, Raman can be used in QC to distinguish between types of chocolate, detect adulteration, measure crystallization and texture, and monitor the manufacturing process.&nbsp;This Application Note outlines techniques for effectively collecting Raman spectra from various chocolates, providing a foundation for quality assessment and adulteration detection.<h4>METHOD&nbsp;</h4>Raman data collection with an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=220&amp;search=i-Raman+NxG+1064">i-Raman NxG 1064 </a>laboratory Raman system (Figure 2) was optimized by adjusting integration time and laser power (Table 3) to determine the best conditions to maximize signal strength and minimize risk of sample melting.All chocolate samples were analyzed by placing a piece of chocolate on the stage with a Raman probe securely locked above the sample (Figure 3). The optimal working distance was determined by adjusting the probe’s z-axis position while continuously monitoring the intensity of the Raman signal. Once the optimal focal distance is found, a distance regulator helps the operator position the probe on the sample to ensure consistent and reliable measurement.<h4>CONCLUSION</h4>This study highlights the capability of Raman spectroscopy for rapid, nondestructive measurements of chocolate quality indicators. PLS models demonstrate high predictive accuracy for both cocoarelated materials and sugar content. Increasing the number of samples and testing a broader range of chocolates would further improve the robustness and accuracy of the model. Overall, Raman spectroscopy, combined with chemometric modeling, offers a reliable QC method for routine and real-time chocolate analysis.<h3>4. Shimadzu: Analysis of Acetaldehyde and Limonene in Recycled PET Using an HS-GCMS System (Carrier Gas: H2)</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00760_en_4ecf93333d.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>The gas released from the polymer can be easily measured without dissolving the polymer in a solvent, by using a headspace sampler (HS).&nbsp;</li><li>Using an HS-GC/MS system enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of target components in samples with a large number of contaminants that make it difficult to differentiate the targets from other components.&nbsp;</li><li>Analysis costs can be reduced by using hydrogen as a carrier gas, which is more affordable and readily available than helium</li></ul>Plastic is lightweight, strong, waterproof, and very convenient, making it an essential part of our modern lives. On the other hand, because it is a major contributor to environmental issues, such as ocean pollution and global warming, measures to reduce plastic usage are being undertaken in countries around the world. 1)&nbsp;In Japan, the Plastic Resource Circulation Promotion Act2) came into effect in April 2022. The act does not regulate plastic but rather promotes the establishment of a sustainable circular economy by encouraging collaboration among businesses, local governments, and consumers throughout the overall process of designing, manufacturing, selling, collecting, and recycling plastic products.&nbsp;One of these initiatives is the recycling of PET bottles for beverage use. When recycling beverage bottles, residual odors can be an issue, with substances like acetaldehyde from water bottles and limonene from citrus beverages known to persist in the containers. To address these residual substances, recycling companies are implementing unique strategies, one of which involves using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify the residual materials. In this article, we present an example of qualitative and quantitative analysis of aldehydes and limonene in PET bottles using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=GCMS-QP2020+NX">GCMS-QP2020 NX</a>/HS-20 NX, with hydrogen (H2) as the carrier gas.<h4>Conclusion</h4>By using hydrogen (H2) gas as the carrier gas, we were able to avoid the use of the hard-to-obtain helium gas. Additionally, by employing an HS-GC-MS system, we could qualitatively and quantitatively analyze acetaldehyde and limonene from PET without the need for cumbersome pretreatment.

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