🎤Francis Femi OloyIn this episode of Concentrating on Chromatography, David speaks with Francis Femi Oloy about using chromatography to uncover hidden pollutants in real-world water systems.Femi’s team analyzed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in six major rivers in southwestern Nigeria — compounds that were banned decades ago but still persist in the environment. Using a workflow that many analytical labs will recognize — liquid–liquid extraction, cleanup, rotary evaporation, nitrogen blowdown, and GC-ECD detection — they quantified 25 PCB congeners at trace levels and linked the results to ecological and human health risk.<h4>In this conversation, we cover:</h4><ul><li>Why legacy pollutants like PCBs still show up today</li><li>Choosing GC-ECD vs LC-MS for halogenated compounds</li><li>Liquid–liquid extraction and matrix cleanup strategies</li><li>Why sample concentration is critical for dilute environmental samples</li><li>How rotovap + nitrogen blowdown work together without losing volatile analytes</li><li>Seasonal trends (why wet season levels were higher)</li><li>Translating concentration data into meaningful risk assessments</li></ul><h3>Video Transcription</h3><section><div><div><div><div><div><div>Persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remain a significant environmental concern despite decades of regulatory restrictions. In this interview, Francais Femi Oloy discusses the environmental and analytical challenges associated with monitoring PCB contamination in rivers of southwestern Nigeria, a rapidly industrializing region where urban growth, industrial activity, agriculture, and dense populations intersect with extensive aquatic systems.Oloy explains that his interest in environmental contaminant analysis emerged from observing unexplained health problems and environmental degradation while growing up in Nigeria. This motivated his transition into organic and environmental chemistry, with a focus on identifying pollutants present in drinking water, agricultural soils, and food systems. Southwestern Nigeria, particularly the Lagos region, represents a critical environmental monitoring area due to intense industrial development, shipping activity, and widespread human dependence on rivers for domestic use, agriculture, and fishing.Although PCBs are considered “legacy pollutants” and are no longer intentionally produced, the interview highlights why they continue to persist in aquatic environments. Old electrical transformers and aging industrial equipment still contain PCB residues, while historical contamination stored in river sediments can become remobilized during flooding, dredging, or sediment disturbance. Because PCBs are hydrophobic and resistant to degradation, they preferentially accumulate in sediments and bioaccumulate through aquatic food chains, creating long-term environmental and human exposure risks.A major focus of the discussion centers on the analytical workflow used for PCB determination in environmental water samples. Composite river water samples were collected in amber glass bottles to avoid contamination and photodegradation, preserved with sodium azide to minimize microbial activity, and stored under cooled conditions prior to extraction. The analytical protocol employed liquid–liquid extraction using dichloromethane (DCM) and hexane to recover both polar and nonpolar PCB congeners. Oloy emphasizes that liquid–liquid extraction was selected over solid-phase extraction (SPE) because of concerns about congener retention within sorbent materials and clogging issues associated with large-volume environmental samples.Following extraction, concentration and cleanup represented critical analytical stages due to the trace-level occurrence and volatility of PCBs. Silica and alumina cleanup procedures were used to remove matrix interferences prior to instrumental analysis. The concentration workflow combined rotary evaporation for bulk solvent reduction with nitrogen blowdown for final volume reduction to less than 1 mL, while carefully avoiding excessive temperature or complete dryness to minimize analyte loss. Oloy repeatedly stresses that improper concentration procedures are among the most common causes of analytical failure in PCB analysis.For instrumental determination, the study utilized gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) rather than LC-MS or GC-MS. According to Oloy, GC was preferred because PCBs are sufficiently volatile for gas chromatographic separation, while ECD provided superior sensitivity and selectivity for chlorinated compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations. The interview also discusses analytical validation strategies, including the use of surrogate standards to assess recoveries, which ranged from approximately 85% to 114%, and signal-to-noise-based determination of detection limits.The study further examined seasonal variations in PCB concentrations, revealing higher levels during the wet season. This observation was attributed to rainfall-driven runoff from contaminated infrastructure, sediment resuspension, and lower temperatures that reduce volatilization losses. To communicate toxicological relevance beyond simple concentration reporting, the researchers also calculated toxic equivalency values (TEQs), converting mixtures of PCB congeners into biologically meaningful toxicity estimates comparable to dioxin toxicity metrics.Beyond environmental monitoring, Oloy highlights broader research interests focused on pollutant remediation and sustainable environmental protection. His group is also involved in developing catalytic materials capable of degrading or removing persistent contaminants from environmental systems. Throughout the discussion, he emphasizes that analytical chemistry plays a central role not only in detecting pollutants, but also in enabling prevention, remediation, and long-term environmental management strategies.</div></div></div></div></div></div></section><blockquote>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</blockquote><blockquote><h4>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</h4>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!You can find Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast in podcast apps:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL">Spotify</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185">Apple podcast</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography">podscan</a></li></ul>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos">YouTube channel</a></blockquote>

Tracking Toxic PCBs in River Water using Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture Detection

This study presents a high-temperature GC-APCI-MS/MS method for detecting large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyroplastics and environmental samples. The approach enables sensitive analysis of PAHs with molecular weights from 314–424 Da without extensive cleanup or fractionation.Application to pyroplastics from the M/V X-Press Pearl fire revealed substantially elevated levels of large PAHs compared to unburnt plastics. Several compounds, including 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, emerged as promising markers for identifying pyroplastic contamination, supporting future monitoring of plastic burning, fires, and microplastic pollution.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703">Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (GC-APCI) Expands the Analytical Window for Detection of Large PAHs (≥24 Ringed-Carbons) in Pyroplastics and Other Environmental Matrices</a></h4>Cara Megill, Douglas M. Stevens*, Christopher M. Reddy, Bryan D. James*, Robert K. Nelson, and Frank L. DormanACS Omega 2026, 11, 7, 12321–12329<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<div>The measurement and reporting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are routine practices in environmental monitoring and risk assessment. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1−3)</a> However, of the thousands of PAHs, only the 16 designated as Priority Pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA16) are typically reported. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(4,5)</a> These span two to six ringed parent PAHs, ranging in molecular weight from 128 to 278 Da. It is well recognized that this limited analyte list drastically simplifies and misses a significant fraction of PAHs. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(4)</a> For example, the concentration of C1–C4 alkylated PAHs can be greater than or equal to the concentration of the EPA16 in crude oils and fuels. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(6)</a> Expanding the analytical window of PAHs has proven valuable for forensic analysis of oil spills (e.g., alkylated and heterocycle-containing PAHs) and relevant for toxicological evaluation(e.g., oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing PAHs). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3,7)</a> Moreover, the sources of PAHs have distinct compositions of PAHs, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,8)</a> which enables the use of PAHs for source apportionment. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,7)</a> Including alkylated and sulfur-containing PAHs (those beyond the EPA16) in the investigation of environmental samples and other matrices provides greater discriminating power between potential sources (using extracted ion chromatograms). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3,7,9)</a> Additionally, monitoring the compositional changes of PAHs in the environment can inform about the fate and environmental processing of the matrix (e.g., oil weathering). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> While these efforts have made strides in considering other PAHs, an environmentally relevant fraction of PAHs remains underutilized.PAHs with more than six rings have been reported in diverse environmental matrices. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10,11)</a> These large PAHs (≥24 ringed-carbons <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a>) have been found in combustion-derived particulate matter, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12−19)</a> urban dust, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20−23)</a> refinery deposits, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(11)</a> coal tars and pitches, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(24−27)</a> cokes, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(28)</a> soils, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20,22)</a> sediments, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20−23)</a> and deep-sea hydrothermal vent bitumen. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(29)</a> Most reports of large PAHs in environmental matrices have been from analyses of U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (SRMs); <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,21−23,25,26,30)</a> a few 302 Da isomers have been certified in three SRM. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(31)</a> Nonetheless, isomers ranging from 326 to 374 Da have been reported in SRMs for urban dust (1649a/b), diesel particulate (1650b and 2975), coal tar (1597a), and marine sediment (1941b), displaying qualitative differences between the sources in their large PAH compositions; <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,20,22,23,27)</a> thus, large PAHs should offer forensic utility.Recent advances in soft ionization within an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-APCI) are well-suited for the analysis of large PAHs. Two contributing factors for this are the tolerance for high carrier gas flow rates by GC-APCI and the sensitivity of charge exchange APCI for aromatic species. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(48)</a> Increasing the carrier gas flow rate reduces the elution temperature of analytes, making many higher mass analytes accessible using a conventional GC and column, although poor thermal stability may still pose challenges for some analytes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(49)</a> Classic vacuum-source GC/MS systems using electron ionization (EI) restrict the upper carrier gas flow allowed from the GC, and therefore, cannot fully utilize high GC carrier gas flows. The sensitivity of GC-APCI for components of petroleum, such as PAHs, has been previously reported. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(48)</a> Furthermore, unlike LC-APCI, which commonly exhibits protonation of analytes in positive ion mode, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(50)</a> GC-APCI+ can operate with dry source conditions. These conditions result in nitrogen-mediated charge exchange ionization and ions of the form M+•, the same form of molecular ion created using EI. As a result, because the charge site location on an ion dictates which product ions will be stable, the same multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions can be used for both GC-APCI MS/MS and EI MS/MS. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(51)</a>Herein, a GC-APCI method was developed for the detection of large PAHs. Due to the limited availability of pure standards, previously characterized NIST SRMs were used in method development as sources of large PAHs. The values of the method and detection of large PAHs were demonstrated by analyzing environmental plastic samples collected after the M/V X-Press Pearl ship fire and plastic spill.<h4>Materials and Methods</h4><h5>GC-APCI</h5>The solvent extracts and dilutions were analyzed by GC-APCI on a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/554">Xevo TQ Absolute</a> (Waters Corporation) tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQ-MS/MS). The atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) ionization source was operated in charge transfer mode using dry N2 as the reagent gas. Dry N2 reagent gas creates molecular ions of the form M+• with no significant adduct formation for large PAHs. The high reagent gas flow rate of 350 mL/min into the ionization chamber, combined with low energies applied to the transfer optics from the atmospheric pressure region to the first quadrupole, leads to a high molecular ion survival rate. Furthermore, the use of MS/MS with quadrupoles operating at unit mass resolution prevents potential effects on response caused by adduct formation. Acquisitions were performed in positive ion, MRM mode. Two MRM transitions were used for each of the 16 precursor masses, ranging from 314 to 424 Da (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703/suppl_file/ao5c11703_si_001.pdf">Table S1</a>). No optimization of source conditions specific to the analysis of large PAHs was required. The list of 16 specific precursor masses targeted in this range was developed using multiple sources reporting large PAHs in NIST SRMs and samples from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,29,30)</a> The two transitions represented constant neutral losses of 2 and 4 Da at high collision energies of 60–100 eV, using N2 as the collision gas.For 1,3,5-TPB analysis, the APGC ionization source was operated in charge transfer mode using N2 as the collision gas. Acquisitions were performed in positive ion, MRM mode, yielding six MRM transitions for analysis (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703/suppl_file/ao5c11703_si_001.pdf">Table S2</a>). Similar to the large PAHs, this analyte also shows neutral losses of 2 and 4 Da, reflecting behavior like that of the more condensed structures.The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890+GC">8890 GC (Agilent Technologies)</a> was configured with N2 as the carrier gas and an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=7&amp;search=Rxi-5HT">Rxi-5HT column (Restek)</a> of 15 m in length, 0.25 mm inner diameter, and 0.10 μm film thickness. The split/splitless (SSL) injection port was operated at a 10:1 split ratio with a temperature of 380 °C. A 1 μL injection volume was used for all analyses. The temperature program was 30.8 min; it started by holding at 40 °C for 0.5 min, then ramped to 160 °C at 14 °C/min, followed by a ramp to 395 °C at 22 °C/min and a hold at the temperature for 11 min. The flow rate of the N2 carrier gas was initially 0.60 mL/min, then ramped at 0.015 mL/min2 to 0.90 mL/min, followed by a ramp at 0.150 mL/min2 to 3.0 mL/min. To adapt the system for high-temperature work, the SSL was configured with a high-temperature septum (400 °C maximum), a 100% graphite liner O-ring, and a straight 4 mm inner diameter, wool-packed liner (450 °C maximum). Additional instrument and method details are included in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703/suppl_file/ao5c11703_si_001.pdf">Supporting Information</a>.<h4>Results</h4><h5>Analysis of Large PAHs in Pyroplastic Samples by GC-APCI</h5>Macroplastic and microplastic debris from the M/V X-Press Pearl ship fire and plastic spill were investigated for the presence and distribution of large PAHs. The field samples included white, unburnt polyethylene nurdles and two types of pyroplastic, termed burnt plastic and combustion remnant (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703#fig1">Figure 1</a>), both of which were polyethylene. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(43)</a> The types of pyroplastics were previously operationally defined based on the size and shape of the pieces. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(43)</a>Investigation of the 302 Da isomers revealed profiles similar to those of the SRMs; however, unique differences were observed (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703/suppl_file/ao5c11703_si_001.pdf">Figure S2</a>). Eighteen to twenty-one peaks were detected across the plastic samples. Compared with the SRMs, the pyroplastics showed decreases in the relative abundance of dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene and increases in dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703/suppl_file/ao5c11703_si_001.pdf">Figure S2</a>). This trend was not the case for the white nurdle sample. Starting at a retention time of 16.80 min, two peaks were unique to the pyroplastic samples (not present in the SRMs and especially minor in the white nurdles). These peaks followed that for dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, which had previously been reported as the last detected 302 Da isomer compound in the SRMs, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(21)</a> supporting their novelty as marker compounds of pyroplastics.The plastic samples displayed similarities and differences in the presence and distribution of large PAHs (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703#fig3">Figure 3</a>). The white nurdles, burnt plastic, and combustion remnant all contained high-intensity peaks at 20.50 min for 398 Da and 19.55 min for 374 Da. Peaks between 20.00 and 20.25 min of 398 Da and the 19.35 min peak of 374 Da were reduced in intensity for the pyroplastics compared to the white nurdles (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703/suppl_file/ao5c11703_si_001.pdf">Figure S3</a>). Conversely, the peaks between 18.50 and 18.75 min of 350 Da were more intense in the pyroplastics compared to the white nurdles.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_7_12321_12329_Figure_3_Comparison_of_the_resolved_isomers_for_398_374_and_350_Da_of_the_white_nurdles_burnt_plastic_and_combustion_remnant_pieces_ec390ebae3.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 7, 12321–12329: Figure 3. Comparison of the resolved isomers for 398, 374, and 350 Da of the white nurdles, burnt plastic, and combustion remnant pieces collected from Pamunugama Beach, Sri Lanka, following the 2021 M/V X-Press Pearl ship fire and plastic spill." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_7_12321_12329_Figure_3_Comparison_of_the_resolved_isomers_for_398_374_and_350_Da_of_the_white_nurdles_burnt_plastic_and_combustion_remnant_pieces_ec390ebae3.jpg 232w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1077">The levels of all the targeted large PAHs were at least 2 orders of magnitude higher in the pyroplastics than in the white nurdles. These levels included the individual PAHs that were common to the pyroplastics. This trend mirrored that observed for smaller PAHs and the solvent-extractable content of the sample types. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(39,43,46)</a> There were also slight differences in the signatures of the large PAHs found in the pyroplastics. The 398 Da peak at 20.24 min, along with the 374 Da peak at 19.31 min and the 350 Da peak at 18.61 min, were more prominent in the combustion remnant compared to the burnt plastic (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c11703/suppl_file/ao5c11703_si_001.pdf">Figure S3</a>).Similar to the differences in large PAH signatures between the SRMs, the plastic samples had different signatures. Such qualitative interpretation of extracted ion chromatograms is forensically accepted for distinguishing sources. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> This feature can potentially be utilized to differentiate between plastic types (e.g., virgin, weathered, and partially combusted) as well as to identify sources of the large PAHs and the combustion temperature.<h4>Conclusions</h4>GC-APCI-MS/MS proved a useful technique for detecting large PAHs in diverse environmental matrices, including extracts from pyroplastic field samples. Despite a lack of widely available analytical standards for large PAHs, NIST SRMs provided ample material for method development for their detection. Nonetheless, with the increasing research on microplastics in the environment and their relevance to human health, an environmental SRM with certified values for large PAHs is needed, and pyroplastics may provide such a source of material. Large PAHs and 1,3,5-TPB were detected in pyroplastic field samples and hold promise as chemical markers for pyroplastics, complementing other means for their detection in environmental samples (e.g., appearance and physical properties). Due to the accessibility of GC-APCI, the detection of large PAHs can be integrated into workflows for evaluating environmental samples, including those for microplastics.</div>

Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (GC-APCI) Expands the Analytical Window for Detection of Large PAHs (≥24 Ringed-Carbons) in Pyroplastics and Other Environmental Matrices

In the week of May 11, the following webinars await you in the field of gas / solid phase and especially Raman, FTIR, GC and GC/MS.<blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinars">👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</a></h4>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database with over 5 500 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars.</blockquote><h5>1. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Uncovering Microplastics: Identification, Quantification, and Exposure Assessment</h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 08:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6136">Registration</a></li></ul>In this webinar, we will explore complementary analytical solutions for comprehensive microplastics characterization.<h5>2. AZoM: From Lab to Line: Leveraging GC and Process MS for Petrochemical Gas Analysis</h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 16:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6171">Registration</a></li></ul>Explore how GC and process MS work together in petrochemical workflows, combining detailed lab analysis with real-time gas monitoring for faster decisions.<h5>3. Milestone: Modern Sample Prep for Organic Contaminants: PAHs, PFAS, MOSH/MOAH in Food</h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 16:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5822">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how microwave-assisted extraction streamlines food analysis of PAHs, PFAS, and MOSH/MOAH, improving recoveries, reducing solvents, and meeting regulatory demands.<h5>4. Thermo Fisher Scientific: End-to-end automation in GC/GC-MS: Trends, tools, and practical implementation</h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 18:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6186">Registration</a></li></ul>In this GC/GC-MS power hour session, we’ll explore how automation is transforming laboratories by helping teams do more with less time, fewer resources, and greater confidence.<h5>5. GERSTEL: Automating Food Safety Workflows for the Analysis of Edible Oils and Fats</h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 20:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6168">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how automated workflows improve data quality in edible oil testing, including FAMEs, MOSH/MOAH, and 3-MCPD analysis with real-world insights.

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Industry-leading sensitivity, combined with NonTarget Deconvolution® (NTD®), enables confident identification and quantification of both known and unknown compounds by effectively separating co-eluting peaks and minimizing matrix interferences.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_7_be16be31ec.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT GC-TOFMS: NonTarget Deconvolution® (NTD®) Automated deconvolution ensures that coeluting peaks and matrix interferences don't hinder your analyses.StayClean Ion Source Open-style EI source virtually eliminates downtime associated with source cleaning*, which means you can spend your time running more samples. *Even after 3,000 sludge injections, source has not needed cleaning." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_7_be16be31ec.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="768" height="432">The system features LECO’s proven StayClean® open-style EI ion source, which virtually eliminates downtime associated with source cleaning and allows extended operation even with challenging sample matrices. Its compact benchtop footprint makes the Pegasus BT an ideal solution for laboratories with limited space, without compromising analytical performance.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_6_047f81e642.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT GC-TOFMS: " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_6_047f81e642.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="616" height="375">Fully integrated ChromaTOF® software provides automated deconvolution, quantification, reporting, batch processing, and long-term data mining. The Pegasus BT GC-TOFMS is ideally suited for pesticide analysis, metabolomics, petroleum and fuel characterization, food, flavor, and fragrance analysis, and other demanding GC-MS applications.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_2_cc1a963b9e.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT GC-TOFMS: ChromaTOF® software" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_2_cc1a963b9e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="943" height="566"><h3>Key Features</h3><ul><li>Benchtop GC-TOFMS with full-range mass spectral acquisition in every analysis</li><li>Industry-leading sensitivity for trace-level detection</li><li>NonTarget Deconvolution® (NTD®) for reliable separation of co-eluting compounds and suppression of matrix interferences</li><li>StayClean® open-style EI ion source for minimal maintenance and reduced downtime</li><li>High sample throughput with excellent repeatability</li><li>Compact footprint with uncompromised analytical performance</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_5fd6d4a332.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT GC-TOFMS" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_5fd6d4a332.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1220" height="591"><h3>Applications</h3><ul><li>Pesticides and environmental contaminants</li><li>Petroleum products, fuels, and fuel marker analysis</li><li>Metabolomics and non-target screening</li><li>Food, flavor, and fragrance analysis</li><li>Characterization of complex matrices and unknown identification</li></ul><h5>&nbsp;Calibration curve in strawberry matrix: Cyprodinil</h5><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_3_6a4f0ecc50.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT GC-TOFMS: The calibration curve at left shows excellent linearity, and sensitivity easily meets all standard requirements." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_3_6a4f0ecc50.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="871" height="480"><h5>Characterization of fuel markers at trace levels is easy and routine</h5><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_4_33217d7f2e.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT GC-TOFMS: Full TIC chromatogram of a spiked commercial diesel sample." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_GC_TOFMS_4_33217d7f2e.jpg 237w," sizes="100vw" width="742" height="489">

LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GC×GC-TOFMS

LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GC×GC-TOFMS combines comprehensive two-dimensional GC with fast TOFMS to improve separation, sensitivity, and confidence in qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex samples.

The LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GC×GC-TOFMS is a high-performance benchtop system that combines comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) to deliver unmatched separation power, sensitivity, and confidence in compound identification. Designed for laboratories facing highly complex samples, the PEGASUS BT 4D enables qualitative and quantitative analysis in a single run while maximizing productivity and data quality.By coupling GC×GC separation with fast TOFMS acquisition, the system dramatically increases chromatographic peak capacity and resolves co-eluting compounds that are difficult or impossible to distinguish by conventional 1D GC-MS. Enhanced signal-to-noise ratios translate into lower detection limits, improved linearity, and more reliable quantification—even in challenging matrices.<h3>What GC×GC Brings to Your Analysis</h3>GC×GC modulation refocuses and reinjects analytes from the first column into a second column with a different stationary phase, providing structured chromatograms that improve interpretability of complex data. This approach improves both separation efficiency and interpretability of results, allowing you to identify more compounds with greater confidence and consistency.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_c9ad0bd186.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GC×GC-TOFMS" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_c9ad0bd186.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1029" height="594"><h3>Confident Identification and Quantification</h3>The PEGASUS BT 4D excels in both comprehensive screening and targeted applications. Spectral deconvolution combined with high-speed TOFMS acquisition reveals analytes present in complex matrices, while GC×GC separation minimizes matrix interferences for superior quantitative performance. What was once a marginal library match in GC-MS becomes a confident identification in GC×GC-TOFMS.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_2_4e033e866c.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GC×GC-TOFMS: Quantitative analysis using the Pegasus BT 4D" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_2_4e033e866c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1443" height="637"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_3_18eebd600d.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GC×GC-TOFMS: Qualitative analysis using the Pegasus BT 4D" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_3_18eebd600d.jpg 210w," sizes="100vw" width="1442" height="1069"><h3>Robust Design for High-Throughput Labs</h3>Equipped with LECO’s proven StayClean® ion source, the PEGASUS BT 4D minimizes routine maintenance and downtime, even when analyzing dirty or complex samples. Integrated with ChromaTOF® software, the system provides seamless instrument control, automated data processing, and powerful qualitative and quantitative tools within a single platform.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_c2644cd38e.jpg" alt="LECO - PEGASUS BT 4D GCxGC-TOFMS.jpg" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_c2644cd38e.jpg 202w," sizes="100vw" width="1099" height="849"><h3>Key Benefits</h3><ul><li>Exceptional chromatographic resolution and peak capacity with GC×GC</li><li>Enhanced sensitivity and lower detection limits through modulation-based signal focusing</li><li>High-speed TOFMS acquisition for accurate deconvolution of narrow GC×GC peaks</li><li>Reliable identification and quantification of analytes</li><li>Reduced maintenance with the StayClean® ion source</li><li>Fully integrated ChromaTOF® software for acquisition, processing, and reporting</li></ul><h3>Applications</h3>The LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GC×GC-TOFMS is ideally suited for demanding applications across environmental analysis, petrochemical and energy research, food and flavor/fragrance analysis, forensics, life sciences, and metabolomics—anywhere complex mixtures require maximum separation power and analytical confidence.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_4_8e8ec115ec.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GCxGC-TOFMS: Excellent Sensitivity" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_4_8e8ec115ec.jpg 244w," sizes="100vw" width="974" height="625">With the PEGASUS BT 4D, you can predict, quantify, and identify more compounds with confidence, turning complex data into clear, actionable results.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_5_625fed2f0d.jpg" alt="LECO PEGASUS BT 4D GCxGC-TOFMS: Identify MORE with confidence/non-target analysis" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_PEGASUS_BT_4_D_G_Cx_GC_TOFMS_5_625fed2f0d.jpg 240w," sizes="100vw" width="1034" height="672">

LECO Pegasus GC-HRT+

Ultra-high-resolution GC-TOFMS with up to 50,000 FWHM, <1 ppm mass accuracy, and 200 spectra/s. Pegasus GC-HRT+ delivers unmatched sensitivity and confident identification in complex samples.

Now with even higher sensitivity, the Pegasus GC-HRT+ is designed to meet the most demanding analytical challenges. This high-performance GC-TOFMS delivers industry-leading mass accuracy, full-range acquisition at exceptional speed, precise isotopic abundance, and ultra-high mass resolution—all within a single injection.Folded Flight Path (FFP) technology combined with a novel data acquisition system enables up to 50,000 FWHM resolution, &lt;1 ppm mass accuracy, and acquisition rates up to 200 spectra/s, supporting rich analyte discovery and high-confidence identification in highly complex samples.<h3>Key features</h3><ul><li>Mass accuracy ≤1 ppm with peak capacity at least 2× higher than conventional MS platforms</li><li>Encoded Frequent Pushing (EFP) for markedly increased sensitivity, expanded dynamic range, and wide mass range</li><li>Folded Flight Path (FFP) technology for ultra-high resolution, enhanced sensitivity, and advanced TOF focusing</li><li>KADAS® ion-statistics-based acquisition to reduce noise, ensure mass accuracy, and minimize file size</li><li>Ultra High Resolution + HRD to resolve highly isobaric ions (mass differences ~0.02 amu)</li><li>Multi-Mode Source (MMS): EI, Positive CI, and ECNI in one system</li></ul><h3>Models</h3><ul><li>Pegasus GC-HRT+ – Full-scale GC-TOFMS</li></ul><h3>Options</h3><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/82">L-PAL3 Automated Sample Injector</a></li></ul>

LECO Pegasus GC-HRT+ 4D

High-resolution GC×GC-TOFMS system combining extreme separation power, up to 200 spectra/s acquisition, and advanced HR deconvolution for confident identification of unknowns in complex samples.

The Pegasus GC-HRT+ 4D from LECO combines comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and advanced High-Resolution Deconvolution (HRD). Designed for the most complex sample matrices, the system enables detection, separation, and confident identification of more analytes than ever before. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/41">ChromaTOF® software</a>, purpose-built for HRT+ instrumentation and GC×GC workflows, integrates advanced qualitative and quantitative tools into a single, user-friendly data system.<h3>Key Features</h3><ul><li>Compact benchtop design that saves valuable laboratory space</li><li>Industry-leading sensitivity with proprietary deconvolution algorithms for clean, high-quality spectra</li><li>High acquisition speed up to 200 spectra/s to properly define ultra-narrow GC×GC peaks (&lt;200 ms)</li><li>Complete historical mass-spectral record retained for future data mining and reprocessing</li><li>Proven Pegasus reliability and durability in a modern, space-efficient format</li></ul><h3>GC×GC Performance Explained</h3>GC×GC achieves exceptionally high peak capacity by trapping compounds eluting from the first column and reinjecting them into a second column for rapid secondary separation. These second-dimension separations occur within seconds, producing extremely narrow peaks that demand very high spectral acquisition rates. The Pegasus GC-HRT+ 4D meets and exceeds this requirement, enabling robust spectral deconvolution and confident compound identification in highly complex samples.<h3>Available Configurations</h3><ul><li>Pegasus GC-HRT+ 4D with Liquid Nitrogen Thermal Modulator</li><li>Pegasus GC-HRT+ 4D with Cryogen-Free Modulator</li></ul><h3>Optional Accessories</h3><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/82">L-PAL3 Autosampler</a></li></ul>

LECO ChromaTOF Software

ChromaTOF is LECO’s advanced GC and GC×GC analytical software, offering fully integrated instrument control, powerful deconvolution, and high-end qualitative and quantitative analysis for TOFMS data.

ChromaTOF is proprietary analytical software developed by LECO specifically for GC-TOFMS and GC×GC-TOFMS workflows. It is purpose-built to handle the extremely large datasets generated by time-of-flight mass spectrometers and to fully support multidimensional chromatography (GC×GC) in a single, integrated data system.ChromaTOF provides seamless instrument and accessory control, highly integrated qualitative and quantitative data processing, and an intuitive user interface. It was the first mass spectrometry data system to natively accommodate GC×GC data and remains a reference platform for advanced GC and GC×GC analysis.<h3>What Makes ChromaTOF Unique</h3><ul><li>Automatic saving of all data processing steps directly within the file system</li><li>Integrated storage and management of metadata and instrument data</li><li>All standard features included in a single software package</li><li>Built-in control for compatible options, activated only when needed</li><li>Easy-to-use yet powerful, efficient, and robust environment</li><li>Frequent updates for maintenance improvements and new functionality</li></ul>ChromaTOF combines advanced qualitative and quantitative capabilities in one user-friendly platform and supports both <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products?category=21&amp;manufacturerItems=24&amp;search=bt">Pegasus BT</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/38">Pegasus GC-HRT</a> instrument families.<h3>What Can ChromaTOF Do</h3><ul><li>Automatic tuning with report generation</li><li>Absolute quantitation using calibration curves</li><li>Relative quantitation based on reference or analyte curves</li><li>Quantitation using single-channel detectors (FID)</li><li>Importable workspace templates to speed up setup</li><li>Spectral deconvolution with library searches (NIST, Wiley, or user libraries)</li><li>Semi-quantitative analysis of non-calibrated compounds</li><li>Integrated control of LECO and Agilent sample handling systems</li><li>Automatic export to CSV, ANDI MS, NETCDF, or LECO formats</li><li>Compatibility with liquid nitrogen and consumable-free <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/44">GC×GC thermal modulators</a></li><li>GC×GC classification and method development tools</li><li>Integrated GC control</li><li>Unknown-unknown discovery using ChemSpider</li><li>Advanced calculation tools:<ul><li>Monoisotopic mass from molecular formula</li><li>Formula generation from measured mass</li><li>Required mass resolution for separating close masses</li></ul></li></ul>Licensing options: 90-day free trial, 1-year subscription, or perpetual license.<h3>Exclusive Features for Pegasus High-Resolution Models</h3><ul><li>Automated unknown identification using High-Resolution Deconvolution</li><li>Automatic fragment formula generation with mass accuracy reporting</li><li>Accurate <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/application::paper.paper/SEP_SCI_ACCURATE_MASS_LIBRARY_209-272.pdf">Mass Spectral Libraries</a> with AML Rank similarity scoring</li><li>User-scalable mass defect plots (e.g., Kendrick mass defect)</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/application::paper.paper/SPECTRAL_ANALYSIS_TOOL_SAT_209-262.pdf">Optional Spectral Analysis Tool</a> with Van Krevelen and CN vs. RDBE plots</li></ul><h3>Features for Pegasus Benchtop Models</h3><ul><li>Automated unknown identification using Non-Target Deconvolution</li><li>Full profile mass spectra acquisition at 35 kHz with better-than-nominal resolution</li></ul>

LECO GCxGC FLUX flow modulator

Flux GC×GC flow modulator simplifies GC×GC analysis using diverting flow principles. It offers robust, cost-effective modulation without cryogens, ideal for complex, concentrated samples.

Our innovative Flux GC×GC flow modulator was designed with one goal in mind—to make GC×GC more routine, accessible, and easier for you. The flow modulator's concept is based on the sound and easily understood principles first articulated by Seeley et al. on diverting flow. This extraordinarily simple design comprising of a cross shape and sideways T, is not only easy to setup and get started, but its ease-of-use makes it the most cost-effective option for GC×GC analysis.This flow-based modulator is perfect for those who want to perform robust GC×GC analysis, but who don't need the sensitivity of standard quad jet thermal modulation. Ideal samples should be complex, but relatively concentrated. Appropriate applications include petroleum and fragrance analyses such as the classic weathered crude oil example pictured below, which shows a GC×GC plot generated on our Pegasus® BT platform using the Flux flow modulator.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ee943ea0acb34a8d9c5b72e7ace10666/obrazek_l.webp" alt="LECO GCxGC FLUX flow modulator" width="957" height="523"><h4>Theory of Operation: Diverting Flow</h4>The first and secondary capillary columns are connected together through a simple tube with a fixed gap between the columns. A flow of gas (helium) is then used to inject into the second column or divert to waste. The precision timing and flows are all handled by our integrated software, therefore you just have to click one button to setup and begin performing flow modulation GC×GC on our Pegasus BT platform.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/508b477dd1604d15855f26d786d5b1e4/obrazek_l.webp" alt="LECO GCxGC FLUX flow modulator" width="1026" height="488">Furthermore, no complex spreadsheets are needed to understand your method. This simple and robust design does not require cryogens to carry out GC×GC, which saves time and boosts efficiency in your lab.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/6796d4581c894291b9fab0088753cb8b/obrazek_l.webp" alt="LECO GCxGC FLUX flow modulator" width="918" height="545">

LECO QUADJET Thermal Modulator

Consumable-free dual-stage thermal jet modulator for GC×GC delivering on-column cryo-focusing, higher peak detectability, superior separation, and reliable performance without liquid nitrogen.

The QUADJET Thermal Modulator from LECO delivers industry-leading performance for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Compared to alternative thermal or valve-based modulators, QUADJET stands out for its exceptional ruggedness, long-term reliability, and superior modulation efficiency.This GC×GC modulation system uses a dual-stage thermal jet modulator positioned between the first- and second-dimension columns. The design enables true on-column cryo-focusing, significantly enhancing peak sharpness, detectability, and separation power—especially for co-eluting compounds in complex sample matrices.<h3>Key benefits</h3><ul><li>Highest modulation performance for GC×GC Enhances peak detectability and improves separation of co-eluting compounds.</li><li>Dual-stage thermal jet design Provides efficient trapping and re-injection between columns.</li><li>On-column cryo-focusing Improves sensitivity and separation of closely eluting analytes.</li><li>Exceptional robustness and reliability Designed for routine, long-term GC×GC operation.</li></ul><h3>Thermal modulation without liquid nitrogen</h3>Unlike traditional cryogenic modulators, the QUADJET thermal modulator is consumable-free. It delivers the full performance benefits of thermal modulation without the need for liquid nitrogen, eliminating cryogen costs, logistical complexity, and downtime—while maintaining consistent, high-quality results.The QUADJET Thermal Modulator is an ideal choice for laboratories seeking maximum GC×GC performance with minimal operational burden, particularly in demanding applications involving highly complex samples.

Products distributed by LECO Instrumente Plzeň - page 2

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