Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 18th November 2024? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you applications and posters by Agilent Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Metrohm, and Shimadzu!<h4>1. Agilent Technologies: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/5991_9356_EN_590f86441b.pdf">Determination of Carbonate Solvents and Additives in Lithium Battery Electrolyte Using the Agilent 5977B GC/MSD</a></h4><ul><li>Application</li></ul>AbstractThis application note describes a method for determining carbonate solvents and additives in lithium battery electrolyte using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=5977B">Agilent 5977B</a> single quadrupole gas chromatography/mass selective detector (GC/MSD). In this method, direct liquid injection is adopted. At a split ratio of 20:1, the target compounds achieved good linearity in a concentration range of 10–500 mg/L. This method has excellent reproducibility, and the instrument detection limits (IDL) for all of the 15 target compounds analyzed were below 1.3 mg/L. During the analysis of the actual electrolyte samples, diluted injection can be used to accurately quantify the target compounds and qualitatively identify unknown additives or impurities.IntroductionLithium battery electrolyte is the carrier of ion transport in a lithium battery, which is generally composed of lithium salt and organic solvent. In the electrolyte, the commonly used lithium salt is LiPF6 , and the solvent is a binary, ternary, or multinary system composed of a mixture of cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates. Selecting the right organic electrolyte is the key to achieving a higher energy density, a longer cycle life, and greater battery safety. Lithium battery manufacturers also add specific additives to extend battery life. Therefore, studies on the composition of lithium battery electrolyte play an important role in the development of new lithium batteries.GC/MS analysis is commonly used in the studies on lithium battery electrolyte, and can accurately and quantitatively analyze the major components of the organic solvent in the electrolyte. Meanwhile, the strong qualitative capacity of mass spectrometry can also qualitatively identify and analyze unknown additives and impurities.This application note describes the method for determining carbonate and carboxylate solvents and additives in lithium battery electrolyte using the 5977B GC/MSD. In regard to the fact that LiPF6 , the main component of the electrolyte, is unstable and can easily decompose, diluted injection was adopted, which ensured good sensitivity, linearity, and reproducibility.ConclusionIn this application note, a method for analyzing carbonate solvents and additives in lithium battery electrolyte was developed with an Agilent 7890 GC and Agilent 5977B GC/MSD. The method is easy to use, and can achieve great separation, a wide linear range, and excellent reproducibility and sensitivity for various components in the electrolyte, making it very suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic solvents, additives, and impurities in lithium battery electrolyte.<h4>2. Shimadzu / <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/companies/292">AOAC</a>: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Th_P264_ASMS_poster_pesticide_GC_MSMS_beb4879814.pdf">Simultaneous Analysis of Pesticides in Food With GC-MS/MS Using Hydrogen Carrier Gas</a></h4><ul><li>Poster / <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Th_P264_ASMS_poster_pesticide_GC_MSMS_beb4879814.pdf">AOAC</a></li></ul>IntroductionIn GC-MS/MS analysis, helium gas is generally used as the carrier gas; however, in recent years the shortage of supply and the soaring price of helium gas have resulted in a need to pivot to other options. To address this problem, hydrogen gas is being used as an alternative carrier gas. The characteristics of hydrogen gas are different from those of helium gas, however, and methods using helium gas must be adjusted to appropriate conditions for hydrogen gas. We have developed a quantitative analysis method for 216 pesticides with GC-MS/MS using hydrogen gas. Using this method, good recovery results were obtained in food samples.ConclusionsUsing hydrogen gas as an alternative carrier gas, we simultaneously analyzed 216 food-borne agrochemicals using an ultra-sensitive triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=GCMS-TQ8050+NX">GCMS-TQ8050 NX</a> combined with AOC-30i and AOC-20s U as injectors.Good recovery rate within 70 ~ 120% were obtained for 70% to 74% of the compounds. This system enables simultaneous analysis of multiple pesticides with high sensitivity and accuracy.<h4>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific / <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/companies/170">RAFA</a>: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/PFAS_analysis_strategy_story_direct_injection_DLLME_LC_MS_MS_LC_Orbitrap_GC_Orbitrap_7592743c1a.pdf">PFAS analysis strategy story – direct injection, DLLME, LC-MS/MS, LC- Orbitrap / GC-Orbitrap</a></h4><ul><li>Poster / <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/companies/170">RAFA</a></li></ul><h5>Abstract</h5>Purpose: This work summarizes key components of PFAS analysis. The choice between direct injection and automated sample preparation depends on the instrument's dynamic range, detection limits, and matrix complexity. Complex matrices like waste/industrial water, soil, food, and biological samples require specific preparation techniques to mitigate matrix effects and ensure accurate quantification. Techniques such as Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) can significantly improve concentration factors and reduce matrix interference, enhancing overall method performance. Additionally, the choice of the analyzer is a critical consideration.Methods: Direct injection of water sample was performed on Thermo Scientific TSQ Altis Plus triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. For those sample prepared with automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), acquisition was performed on a Thermo Scientific <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=2&amp;search=Orbitrap+Exploris+MX">Orbitrap Exploris MX</a> high resolution mass spectrometer.Results: The methods presented achieves high-level sensitivity for PFAS analysis in drinking water, detecting compounds in the low ng/L range. Using DLLME, 56 PFAS compounds were quantified to low part per trillion levels from just 15 mL of sample. With a FAPAS®-Drinking Water proficiency test, we validated the three strategies for PFAS analysis: direct injection on TSQ Altis Plus and the DLLME extract injected on both Orbitrap Exploris MX and Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Exploris GC.<h5>Conclusions</h5><ul><li>Compared to traditional SPE workflows, direct injection improves sample throughput in laboratories by significantly reducing the required sample preparation.</li><li>The DLLME method is a promising technique for extracting and pre-concentrating PFAS from drinking water and various other matrices. Its reduced sample volume facilitates easier handling, transportation, and storage.</li><li>Both methods lower costs and environmental impact due to minimal solvent usage and the elimination of filters or SPE cartridges.</li><li>The ease of use and robustness of both LCMS methods are based on fixed configuration including SOP with detailed hardware and consumables, a complete acquisition and processing method with customized view settings and reports, and all data handling performed with Chromeleon CDS 7.3.2.</li></ul><h4>4. Metrohm: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_nir_121_download_0bb1185dc9.pdf">Water content in propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)</a></h4><ul><li>Application</li></ul><h5>Water determination possible within seconds using NIRS</h5>Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (1-methoxy-2-propanol, or PGME) is one of many glycol ether solvents with a wide variety of applications. It is used as an intermediate and in formulations for industrial, professional, or consumer applications, mainly in surface coatings, inks for printing, cleaning solutions, deicing/anti-icing formulations, and agrochemical purposes. It is also used as an extractant and as a coalescing agent and flow improver in water-based paints.Water in propylene glycol methyl ether is usually measured by Karl Fischer (KF) titration which requires chemicals and takes about five minutes per determination. This Application Note describes how near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used as a faster and more cost-efficient alternative for water determination in PGME.CONCLUSIONThis Application Note demonstrates the feasibility to determine a key parameter for the quality control of propylene glycol monomethyl ether (water content) with NIR spectroscopy. The main advantages of NIR spectroscopy over wet chemical methods are that running costs are significantly lower and time-to-result is significantly reduced. Additionally, no chemicals are required, and the technique is non-destructive to samples.

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 47, 2024

NDMA in macrolides: GC-MS/MS method for its detection and study of its formation

Professor Radek Cibulka's laboratory has long been trying to develop systems that would facilitate chemical reactions, and thus the ways how to easily synthesize some drugs or other useful substances. The prestigious journal Chemical Science has now published a new system for chemical reductions based on deprotonated flavins, derivatives of vitamin B2. The system was developed as part of a collaboration between teams from the University of Chemical Technology, Prague and Adam Mickiewicz University within LA project from Czech Science Foundation and National Science Centre (Poland). "We feel like builders. Removing one component (a proton) from a molecule of almost colourless 3-methyllumichrome - a substance related to flavins - causes structural changes that lead to the formation of an orange flavin anion. This flavin anion is unique because its protonated form does not exist. Moreover, we used this anion as a catalyst for reductions. All you have to do is shine cyan light on it and the reduction takes place." says Radek Cibulka.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/sc/d5sc01630d">Introduction of flavin anions into photoredox catalysis: acid–base equilibria of lumichrome allow photoreductions with an anion of an elusive 10-unsubstituted isoalloxazine</a></h4>Dorota Prukała, Ekaterina Zubova, Eva Svobodová, Ludmila Šimková, Naisargi Varma, Josef Chudoba, Jiří Ludvík, Gotard Burdzinski, Iwona Gulaczyk, Marek Sikorski and &nbsp;Radek CibulkaChem. Sci., 2025,16, 11255-11263<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SC01630D">https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SC01630D</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC-BY 3.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<h4>Abstract</h4>Flavins have been established as effective catalysts in oxidative photoredox catalysis. Conversely, their use in reductive photocatalysis remains limited, mainly due to the relatively low stability of the transient flavin radicals (semiquinones), which are used in photoreductions. The fully reduced forms of flavins are also disadvantaged in photocatalysis because they absorb light in the UV rather than in the visible region. In this work, we present a new approach for reductive flavin photocatalysis that utilises a flavin (isoalloxazine) anion derived from the elusive 10-unsubstituted 3,7,8-trimethylisoalloxazine, an unstable tautomer of 3-methyllumichrome. We found the conditions under which this isoalloxazine anion is formed by in situ deprotonation/isomerisation from the readily available 3-methyllumichrome and we subsequently used it as a photoredox catalyst in the reductive dehalogenation of activated bromoarenes and their C–P coupling reaction with trimethyl phosphite to form an arylphosphonate. Steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy, NMR and cyclic voltammetry investigations, together with quantum chemical calculations, showed that the anion of oxidised isoalloxazine has several advantages, compared to other forms of flavins used in photoreductions, such as high stability, even in the presence of oxygen, an absorption maximum in the visible region, thereby allowing the use of excitation light between 470 and 505 nm, and a relatively long-lived singlet excited-state.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded in CD3CN, DMSOd6 , DMF-d6, TFA-d3 or in their mixtures on an Agilent 400-MR DDR2 (399.94 MHz for 1H, 100.58 MHz for 13C), JEOL-ECZL400G (400 MHz for 1H, 101 MHz for 13C), or Bruker Avance III 600 MHz (600 MHz for 1H and 151 MHz for 13C) at 298 K. Data for 1H NMR are reported as follows: chemical shift (δ ppm), multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, dd = doublet of doublets, dt = doublet of triplets, br = broad etc.), coupling constant (Hz), and integration. All NMR spectra were processed and assigned using MestreNova. High-resolution mass spectra were obtained on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=5&amp;search=Q-Tof+Micro">Q-Tof Micro</a> (Waters), equipped with a quadrupole and time-of-flight (TOF) analyser and a multichannel plate (MCP) detector. GC-MS analysis were performed on gas chromatograph <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=3&amp;search=Trace+GC+Ultra">Trace Ultra</a> (Themo Scientific) with a quadrupole mass spectrometer <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=3&amp;search=DSQ+II">DSQ II</a> (Thermo Scientific) equipped with DB-5ms capillary column (30 m x 0.25mm, film 0,25 um) or on gas chromatograph <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890">7890</a> (Agilent) with an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/473">orbital trap mass spectrometer Exploris 240</a> (Thermo Scientific) equipped with DB-5ms capillary column (30 m x 0.25mm, film 0,25 um). <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=50&amp;search=SICRIT">SICRIT</a> (Soft Ionization by Chemical Reaction In Transfer - Plasmion GmbH, Germany) was used in positive mode. The melting points were measured on a Boetius melting point apparatus and are not corrected. Photoredox catalysis was performed using Luxeon Star LED 470 nm (65 lm @ 700mA) with dominant peak wavelengths 460–485 nm in tempered aluminium block (for arrangement, see S3) and Luxeon Star LED 505 nm (76 lm @ 350mA) with dominant peak wavelengths 490–515 nm. UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded on a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=UV-2550">UV-2550</a> spectrophotometer (Schimadzu). Steady-state emission spectra and fluorescence excitation spectra were recorded on a Jobin Yvon-SpexFluorolog 3-22 spectrofluorometer. Note that spectra were recorded using the same excitation and emission slits for uniform spectral resolution and sensitivity. Fluorescence lifetime measurements of all compounds were performed using the time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) method. Decays were measured with the TCSPC Triple Illuminator as an accessory for the Fluorologs 3-22 steady-state spectrofluorometer that adds lifetime-capability in the time domain. The excitation source were NanoLED diodes (λexc = 368 nm and 389 nm) from IBH. The instrument in this hardware configuration is capable of measuring lifetimes as short as 400 ps. Deconvolution of fluorescence decay curves was performed using IBH Consultants software. The experimental uncertainties in the lifetimes are 10 %. Setup for UV-Vis transient absorption spectra measurements: The triplet states were generated and analysed using laser flash photolysis employing a nanosecond Q-switched Nd: YAG laser in combination with an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) operating at 470 nm; the laser pulse energy was kept around 0.5 mJ/pulse. The sample's solution was deoxygenated by bubbling argon for 15 min before measurements. Spectra were determined using kinetics collected between 350–700nm with a 10 nm interval. See ref.1 for details. Electrochemical measurements(cyclic voltammetry) were managed by a computer driven potentiostat <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?search=PGSTAT101">PGSTAT101 </a>(Autolab-Metrohm) using NOVA 1.11 software, for details see Chapter 5.

Work of Professor Cibulka's team featured on the cover of Chemical Science journal

<h3>A Deep Dive into Waters Oasis, Agilent Bond Elut, and Phenomenex Strata Workflows</h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/what-is-solid-phase-extraction-spe">Solid phase extraction (SPE)</a> has become a widely used sample preparation technique across pharmaceutical, environmental, and food safety laboratories worldwide. SPE is used to separate and isolate analytes of interest from a matrix, utilizing the analytes' differential affinities between a solid stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase. The process involves four key steps: conditioning the solid phase; loading the sample onto the solid phase; washing the sample to remove interfering compounds; and eluting the analytes of interest. Following this, the now purified and concentrated sample will usually undergo further analysis such as GC-MS, LC-MS, or HPLC [1]. An often overlooked element within this method of sample preparation is the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/article/5392">nitrogen blowdown evaporation</a> that bridges SPE extraction and instrumental analysis. This discussion explores the critical role of nitrogen blowdown in enhancing the performance of three widely used SPE platforms: Waters Oasis, Agilent Bond Elut, and Phenomenex Strata.<h3>Why Nitrogen Blowdown Matters in SPE Workflows</h3>In the final step of SPE, elution, an organic solvent like methanol, acetonitrile, or acetone is used to remove the analytes of interest from the solid phase. This solvent must then be removed before <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/what-is-reconstitution">reconstitution</a> and analysis [1]. Nitrogen blowdown provides controlled, gentle evaporation that concentrates analytes while preventing thermal degradation and sample loss that can occur with other drying methods.<h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/215">Waters Oasis SPE</a>: Precision Evaporation for Enhanced Sensitivity</h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/215">Waters Oasis SPE cartridges</a> and plates are renowned for their broad analyte retention capabilities, in particular for polar compounds. Their SPE products consistently deliver consistent and pure quality for sample analysis [2]. Many of their protocols consistently emphasize the importance of proper solvent evaporation following elution [3].<h4>Critical Nitrogen Blowdown Steps in Oasis Protocols:</h4>In Waters' documented procedures for pesticide analysis, the protocol states: "Blow down the acetone extract with nitrogen to ca. 0.2 ml then make to 2 ml with pure water" [4]. This concentration step is essential for achieving the required detection limits of pesticide compounds like diuron and its metabolites. When using the Oasis HLB cartridges to process larger sample volumes (2 L versus 200 mL), the method requires: "Blow down the acetone extract with nitrogen to ca. 0.8 ml then make to 2 ml with pure water" [4]. This increased degree of sample pre-concentration dramatically enhances the analytical sensitivity and is particularly important when analyzing trace-level environmental contaminants. The Waters protocols emphasize that this evaporation step must be performed under controlled conditions to aid in the prevention of analyte loss, making nitrogen blowdown the preferred method over thermal evaporation techniques.<h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=bond+elut">Agilent Bond Elut</a>: Streamlined Workflows with Controlled Evaporation</h3>With over 40 different sorbent capabilities, Agilent's Bond Elut product line offers versatile solutions for a wide range of sample types and applications [5]. The company's method development guides consistently reference evaporation steps as critical for optimal results. Whether processing <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/environmental-sample-preparation">environmental samples</a>, pharmaceutical matrices, or targeting polar and nonpolar analytes, the evaporation step remains a consistently critical factor in ensuring a method's success [5].<h4>Nitrogen Evaporation in Bond Elut Protocol:</h4>For Bond Elut PPL applications targeting polar compounds found within drinking water, Agilent's protocol specifies: "Dry the eluent under in 35 °C water bath, then reconstitute with 2 mL 10:90 MeOH/H2O" [6]. This controlled evaporation at moderate temperature ensures complete solvent removal while maintaining analyte integrity. The Bond Elut methodology emphasizes that the nitrogen drying step is particularly important when transitioning from organic elution solvents to aqueous-based mobile phases for <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/preparing-samples-for-lc-ms/ms-analysis">LC/MS/MS analysis</a> [6]. This solvent exchange is impossible without complete evaporation of the initial organic eluent.<h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=136&amp;manufacturerItems=50">Phenomenex Strata</a>: Advanced Polymeric Performance Enhanced by Proper Evaporation</h3>Phenomenex Strata products, particularly their <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=136&amp;manufacturerItems=50&amp;search=strata+x">Strata-X</a> polymeric phases, have revolutionized SPE through water-wettable sorbents designed to work effectively with aqueous-based solutions with a simplified protocol [7]. However, even these advanced materials require proper post-extraction handling to achieve optimal results.<h4>Strata-X Protocol Requirements:</h4>Phenomenex documentation for their Strata-X PRO plates specifically instructs: "Dry: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/article/5411">Evaporate the extract to dryness</a> under a gentle stream of nitrogen at room temperature" [8]. This room-temperature evaporation is particularly important for thermally labile compounds that might degrade under increased temperatures.<h4>Specialized Applications:</h4>For Strata Activated Carbon applications targeting nitrosamines and other polar analytes, the protocol requires: "Evaporate solvent under Nitrogen to required volume and reconstitute with Methylene Chloride" [9]. This controlled evaporation is essential for achieving the trace detection limits required for these potential carcinogens.The matrix removal technology within the Strata product line makes the nitrogen blowdown step even more critical. This step ensures complete removal of interfering matrix components from the eluent that could compromise downstream analysis [10].<h3>Technical Considerations for Optimal Results</h3><ul><li>Temperature Control: All three manufacturers emphasize controlled temperature during nitrogen evaporation. Waters and Agilent protocols frequently specify 35°C water baths, while Phenomenex often recommends room temperature evaporation [4, 6, 8].</li><li>Flow Rate Management: Gentle nitrogen flow is recommended across many manufacturers to reduce and prevent analyte loss through splashing or mechanical carryover. Excessive flow rates can lead to incomplete evaporation or sample loss.</li><li>Timing Optimization: Complete solvent removal is essential, but over-drying can lead to analyte degradation or potentially irreversible adsorption to container walls. Protocols typically specify evaporation "to dryness" or to specific volumes [4, 8].</li></ul><h3> A Nitrogen Blowdown Solution for the Leading SPE Platforms</h3>The importance of nitrogen blowdown in an SPE workflow has been well established. To support this critical step, Organomation offers the following solutions:<h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?manufacturerItems=540&amp;search=n-evap">N-EVAP Nitrogen Evaporator</a></h4><ul><li>Analyte Preservation: The gentle nitrogen blowdown helps preserve heat-sensitive analytes that may degrade when exposed to high temperatures.</li><li>Solvent Removal Flexibility: This system is compatible with a range of tube sizes, enabling researchers to process varying sample volumes tailored to specific laboratory needs.</li><li>Controlled Evaporation: Individual gas flow control at each sample position ensures precise and consistent sample preparation, which is essential for obtaining reliable data.</li><li>Temperature Control: Water bath models are available with a wide temperature range enabling optimization for use of different solvents needed for varying SPE sorbents.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Organomation_45_Position_N_EVAP_Nitrogen_Evaporator_5_20078e3969.jpg" alt="Organomation: 45 Position N-EVAP Nitrogen Evaporator" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Organomation_45_Position_N_EVAP_Nitrogen_Evaporator_5_20078e3969.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1400" height="1400"><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?manufacturerItems=540&amp;search=multivap">MULTIVAP Batch Evaporator</a></h4><ul><li>Batch Capability: Some systems can process up to 100 samples simultaneously, making them essential for large-scale laboratory operations.</li><li>Sample Standardization: Provides consistent evaporation conditions across samples, reducing sample variability which can skew interpretation.</li><li>Analyte Integrity: Gentle nitrogen dry down protects delicate analytes from degradation.</li><li>Efficiency: This system significantly reduces sample preparation time, allowing for faster results and turnaround time in clinical settings.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Organomation_48_Position_MULTIVAP_Nitrogen_Evaporator_2_b46408a225.jpg" alt="Organomation: 48 Position MULTIVAP Nitrogen Evaporator" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Organomation_48_Position_MULTIVAP_Nitrogen_Evaporator_2_b46408a225.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1400" height="1400"><h4>Integration with Modern Laboratory Workflows</h4>Modern laboratories increasingly rely on automated nitrogen evaporation systems that can process multiple samples simultaneously while also maintaining precise control over temperature, flow rate, and timing. Additionally, these systems integrate seamlessly with the 96-well plate formats offered by all three manufacturers, enabling high-throughput sample preparation. The combination of advanced SPE materials from Waters, Agilent, and Phenomenex with controlled nitrogen blowdown creates a powerful sample preparation platform that delivers the sensitivity, reproducibility, and throughput required for today's analytical challenges.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Nitrogen blowdown is not merely an optional step in SPE workflows, it is a critical component that enables the full potential of Waters Oasis, Agilent Bond Elut, and Phenomenex Strata products. Nitrogen blowdown ensures optimal analyte concentration, solvent exchange, and method sensitivity through gentle evaporation. Its versatility makes it applicable to diverse fields, including environmental monitoring and pharmaceutical analysis.Laboratories investing in high-quality SPE products should equally prioritize incorporating proper nitrogen evaporation equipment and protocols to maximize their analytical capabilities and ensure consistent, reliable results. Organomation is a trusted provider of precision nitrogen evaporators, offering reliable solutions tailored to laboratory needs.

The Critical Role of Nitrogen Blowdown in SPE Sample Preparation

Persistent chemicals released into marine environments pose long-term and potentially irreversible risks, particularly when discharged as complex mixtures in large volumes. To address this challenge, we introduce a persistence-directed testing approach that combines environmentally relevant biodegradation experiments with nontarget analytical techniques to better characterize persistent chemical burdens.Produced waters from two offshore oil platforms in the North Sea were used as case studies. After 60 days of incubation under biotic and abiotic conditions, nontarget analyses using SPME–GC-MS and SPE–LC-HRMS identified over 600 chemicals passing quality control. Persistent compounds accounted for 4% of GC-MS detections and 32–44% of LC-HRMS detections, with several annotated as N-substituted aromatic structures. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of persistence-directed testing for revealing previously unidentified persistent chemicals and underscore the need for improved treatment of offshore produced water discharges.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802">Persistence-Directed Testing of Chemicals Discharged from Offshore Oil Platforms Combined with Nontargeted Analysis</a></h4>Mette T. Møller*, Heidi Birch, Karina K. Sjøholm, Stefano Papazian, Aina C. Wennberg, Bénilde Bonnefille, Pia M. Kronsbein, Malcolm A. Kelland, Jonathan W. Martin, and Philipp MayerEnviron. Sci. Technol. 2025, 59, 44, 24000–24011<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.In this study, we introduce “Persistence-Directed Testing”, a concept inspired by effect-directed analysis (EDA). In EDA toxic chemicals in complex mixtures from contaminated environments are singled out by combining fractionation procedures, biotesting, and sensitive chemical analytical methods to identify toxicants. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13,14)</a> In persistence-directed testing, persistent chemicals in complex discharges are singled out and potentially identified by combining biodegradation tests, sensitive chemical analytical techniques, and focused data treatment schemes.The biodegradation testing method is an advancement of a recently developed biodegradation kinetic testing method, a modified OECD 309. The method was developed for chemicals in mixtures at low concentrations, including hydrophobic and volatile chemicals. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15,16)</a> In recent years the method has continuously been advanced from testing composed mixtures <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> to testing samples of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials (UVCBs), such as petroleum mixtures and essential oils. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17,18)</a> In the most recent progression of the method, it was used for testing the biodegradation kinetics of chemicals in complex mixtures being discharged to the environment, using native microorganisms in the receiving environment as inoculum. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> With this method, biodegradation kinetics were successfully obtained for more than a hundred chemicals discharged from an offshore oil platform measured with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a>The novelty of the persistent-directed testing in the present study is the design of the test and data treatment for persistence rather than biodegradation. This was achieved by combining a discharge sample (complex chemical mixture) and a seawater sample (native microorganisms), for determining the number, fraction, and, if possible, also the identity of those chemicals that are not degraded at the end of the test and are thus found persistent. The experiments were analyzed with both SPME GC-MS and nontarget solid-phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), in order to extend the chemical space coverage and achieve a more comprehensive persistence assessment.Nontarget analysis (NTA) techniques have developed and advanced rapidly in recent years. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20,21)</a> It is now possible to detect thousands of chemicals in a sample without predetermining targets. By analyzing the sample with HRMS, the exact mass of both the precursor and molecular fragments of each feature detected can be obtained, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(22)</a> which can be used for identification or annotation at various confidence levels. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(23)</a> Limitations of NTA are that exact identification (confidence level 1) and quantification is difficult and time-consuming. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(21)</a> In recent years, new developments of NTA workflows and software tools, such as in silico structure predictions <a href="javascript:void(0);">(24,25)</a> and feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), <a href="javascript:void(0);">(26,27)</a> allow increasingly more automated and higher-throughput molecular annotations (Level 2), structural elucidation (Level 3), and molecular formula assignments (Level 4). This has been successfully showcased for environmental applications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(28−30)</a>In the present study, we combine biodegradation testing with NTA to directly enable the simultaneous persistence assessment of a large number of chemicals, while providing identification information across varying levels of confidence.The hypotheses were: 1) environmentally relevant biodegradation tests combined with advanced analytical methods can reveal persistent chemicals in complex discharges, and 2) based on a recent feasibility study, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> we expect a much higher fraction of persistent chemicals in produced water within the group of polar substances detectable by LC, compared to nonpolar chemicals detectable by GC. We also anticipate that NTA, combined with advanced computational workflows, can allow to reach a deeper molecular-level understanding of the persistent chemicals discovered in complex discharges.<h3>2. Materials and Methods</h3><h4>2.8. Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis</h4><h5>2.8.1. Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to GC-MS</h5>After 60 days, test systems were transferred directly from the incubator to the GC autosampler (PAL RSI 85; CTC Analytics AG, Switzerland) without any pretreatment or conservation. Automated SPME, with a 30 μm PDMS fiber (Supelco, USA), was applied to unopened test systems by direct immersion. The SPME was thermally desorbed on the GC column (122-5562UI DB-5 ms Ultra Inert column, 60 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm, Agilent), where the analytes were separated by the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890B">GC (7890B</a>; Agilent Technologies, USA). They were then detected by the MS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5977A">5977A MSD</a>; Agilent Technologies, USA), in electron ionization full-scan mode (m/z 50–500) to include a large number of nonpolar chemicals in produced water. The analytical method is described in detail in Møller et al. (2024). <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> The 1:200 dilution from both platforms was analyzed on day 60. On the following 4 days, the remaining dilutions from both platforms were analyzed, due to the number of samples and the analysis time per sample. Each GC-MS analysis run consisted of triplicate alternating biotic and abiotic test systems at one dilution from one platform, with blanks at the beginning and the end. The biotic and abiotic test systems analyzed directly after each other were used as pairs for calculating the peak area ratios.<h5>2.8.3. LC-HRMS Analysis</h5>Analyses by LC-HRMS for nontarget qualitative profiling were performed using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/744">Vanquish Horizon system</a> interfaced with heated electrospray ionization (HESI) to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/401">Orbitrap Exploris 480</a> (Thermo Fisher). Each sample was acquired twice using ionization in positive (HESI+) and negative (HESI−) modes. Clean extracts were injected (25 μL) on a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1952">C18 Waters Acquity column</a> (UPLC BEH C18, 3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm particle) combined with an Acquity precolumn (BEH C18, 2.1 mm × 5 mm, 1.7 μm). Reverse-phase chromatography was performed using LC-MS grade (Optima) mobile phases (A) Milli-Q water with 1 mM ammonium fluoride (NH4F), and (B) 100% MeOH. Spectral acquisition alternated between full-scan MS1 (m/z 90–1000, ∼1.5 Hz, nominal resolution 240,000 at m/z 200) and nontarget data-independent (DIA) MS2 acquisition using four sequential precursor isolation windows of 250 m/z (i.e., m/z 89–341, 339–591, 589–841, 839–1091). Additional details are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802/suppl_file/es5c08802_si_001.pdf">SI 3</a>.<h3>3. Results and Discussion</h3><h4>3.2. Primary Biodegradation and Persistence Assessment</h4>Primary biodegradation and persistence were assessed at a dilution of 1:200 based on peak area ratios (biotic/abiotic) of test systems analyzed (GC) or extracted (LC) on day 60. Features were categorized as persistent, when all triplicate peak area ratios were greater than 0.5, corresponding to less than 50% biodegradation (see <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802#sec2_9_2">Section 2.9.2</a>). The results for Platform B are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802#fig3">Figure 3</a> (Platform A results and results including the standard error of the mean; see <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802/suppl_file/es5c08802_si_001.pdf">SI 11</a>).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Environ_Sci_Technol_2025_59_44_24000_24011_Figure_3_Biodegradation_and_persistence_assessment_of_chemicals_in_produced_water_from_Platform_B_eab3376f2c.jpg" alt="Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, 59, 44, 24000–24011: Figure 3. Biodegradation and persistence assessment of chemicals in produced water from Platform B at 1:200 dilution from mean (n= 3) peak area ratio. A) Features measured with GC-MS and B) Features measured with LC-HRMS. Green = primary biodegraded, yellow = ambiguous, and red = persistent (see Section 2.9.2)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Environ_Sci_Technol_2025_59_44_24000_24011_Figure_3_Biodegradation_and_persistence_assessment_of_chemicals_in_produced_water_from_Platform_B_eab3376f2c.jpg 136w," sizes="100vw" width="1344" height="1544">Assessment of the GC-MS data resulted in 3–4% persistent features for Platform A (6/144 features) and Platform B (10/279 features) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802#fig3">Figure 3</a>A and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802/suppl_file/es5c08802_si_001.pdf">SI 11</a>), consistent with previous GC-MS results from a biodegradation experiment conducted one year earlier with produced water from Platform A, where the persistent fraction was also 4%. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> In the present study, additional assessment performed on LC-HRMS data yielded 32% persistent features (61 of 191 features) for Platform A and 44% persistent features (183 of 416 features) for Platform B (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802#fig3">Figure 3</a>B and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802/suppl_file/es5c08802_si_001.pdf">SI 11</a>). Although the chemical space covered by the two analytical methods has only minor overlap, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(41)</a> some chemicals might still be detected by both GC-MS and LC-HRMS, as for instance was shown for the potentially persistent chemical N-butylbenzenesulfonamide, in our previous feasibility study. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> The large extent of biodegradation (&gt;95%) observed in the GC-MS data set shows that microorganisms in the test systems were active (degrading).<named-content></named-content>In the GC-MS data set, 20 of the petrochemicals in the reference mixture were identified in the produced water samples from both platforms, and they were all biodegraded (benzene and toluene elute too early to be included). No spectral library matches were found for the few persistent features in the GC-MS data sets, which thus remained unidentified. In comparison, many more persistent features were detected by LC-HRMS, and the high-resolution MS data was leveraged for tentative identification of these chemicals using a combination of different workflows.<h4>3.3. Tentative Identification of Chemicals in Produced Water (LC-HRMS)</h4><h5>3.3.1. Suspect Screening of Production Chemicals</h5>In total, 55 production chemicals were included in the suspect list (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802/suppl_file/es5c08802_si_001.pdf">SI 7</a>), and 7 of these were annotated in a high-concentration sample of the produced water (1:10 dilution) at either Platform A, B, or both (accurate mass deviation &lt;0.005, as described in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802#sec2_11_1">Section 2.11.1</a>). The annotated molecular structures are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c08802#fig4">Figure 4</a>A. These 7 production chemicals did not pass the quality control filter at 1:200 dilution since their peaks were below the blank area cutoff at this dilution. Therefore, this study cannot conclude whether these are primary biodegraded or persistent.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Environ_Sci_Technol_2025_59_44_24000_24011_Figure_4_Comprehensive_characterization_of_chemicals_in_produced_water_83eedbbe8e.jpg" alt="Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, 59, 44, 24000–24011: Figure 4. Comprehensive characterization of chemicals in produced water. Examples of tentative identifications resulting from different data analysis workflows are shown. A) Suspect screening of production chemicals. B) Spectral library matching. C) Feature-Based Molecular Networking (FBMN) combined with in silico structural predictions in SIRIUS (considering maximum top-6 proposed structures). D) Molecular formula computed in SIRIUS. Suspect screening, spectral library matching, and molecular formula assignments were performed for both LC-HRMS HESI+ and HESI– data sets. The FBMN in (C) shows one example of a cluster from HESI+ (top) and one cluster from HESI– (bottom). Molecular structures highlighted in red correspond to chemicals categorized as persistent. Identification confidence levels refer to Schymanski et al. (2014). (23)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Environ_Sci_Technol_2025_59_44_24000_24011_Figure_4_Comprehensive_characterization_of_chemicals_in_produced_water_83eedbbe8e.jpg 175w," sizes="100vw" width="2092" height="1871"><h4>3.6. Persistence-Directed Testing</h4>This study introduces persistence-directed testing and validates the hypothesis that environmentally relevant biodegradation tests combined with advanced analytical methods can reveal persistent chemicals in complex discharges. A limitation of this study is that the chemicals categorized as “biodegraded” only cover primary biodegradation and not potential persistent metabolites. More research is needed to assess persistent metabolites, e.g., by analyzing peaks that are significantly more abundant in biotic test systems compared to abiotic test systems after 60 days of incubation. If persistent metabolites are found, backtracking the parent molecule in the discharge can be challenging but is possible to approach using predicted degradation pathways, e.g., from specific mass shifts (e.g., 15.996 Da for oxygen attachment) as suggested by Tisler et al. (2022), <a href="javascript:void(0);">(46)</a> or using dedicated software such as BioTransformer (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://biotransformer.ca/">https://biotransformer.ca/</a>) or EnviPath (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://envipath.org/">https://envipath.org/</a>).To improve the method, future studies could use sterilized inocula and discharge samples as abiotic controls. Furthermore, as analytical sensitivity increases, future studies can potentially come closer to investigating how the biodegradation process is affected by the extreme dilutions occurring in the ocean, and thereby improving environmental relevance even further.The persistence-directed testing approach introduced in this study can be used to assess the extent of the problem of persistent chemicals in various types of discharges. An advantage of the approach is that a complex mixture of chemicals can be assessed in one biodegradation study, while the highly time-consuming work of feature identification can be narrowed down by focusing on persistent features. If persistence-directed testing approaches are adopted more widely and identification of the persistent fraction becomes easier with the very rapid development of the NTA field, it will become more and more difficult to unnoticed discharge large quantities of persistent chemicals. The approach can also lead to the identification of new groups of persistent molecules and an improved understanding of persistence in the environment.

Persistence-Directed Testing of Chemicals Discharged from Offshore Oil Platforms Combined with Nontargeted Analysis

When preparing samples for PFAS analysis, laboratories face one of the most pressing challenges in environmental testing: avoiding cross-contamination. Even trace exposure to fluoropolymer-based materials can compromise results. That’s why Organomation developed PFAS-free nitrogen evaporators — purpose-built to eliminate this risk while maintaining the same performance and usability as our standard models.But what exactly makes them different? Let’s break it down.<h4>Construction Materials in Standard Evaporator Models</h4>All Organomation nitrogen evaporators are designed for durability and compatibility with a wide range of solvents. Our standard models are built from:<ul><li>316 stainless steel</li><li>Anodized aluminum</li><li>Acetal</li><li>Nylon</li><li>Polypropylene</li><li>Nitrile rubber</li><li>Polyurethane</li><li>Silicone</li></ul>These high-quality materials come into contact with nitrogen gas as it’s delivered to the sample, ensuring reliable operation across countless workflows. However, standard units also use Teflon (PTFE) tape on gas fittings as a thread sealant. While PTFE is chemically resistant and effective for sealing, it introduces a fluoropolymer material into the gas pathway, which poses a risk of PFAS contamination for labs conducting <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas">ultra-trace PFAS analysis</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Organomation_Construction_Materials_in_Standard_Evaporator_Models_603a06d7b2.jpg" alt="Organomation: Safe Sample Prep for PFAS Analysis: PTFE-Free Concentrators Explained" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Organomation_Construction_Materials_in_Standard_Evaporator_Models_603a06d7b2.jpg 188w," sizes="100vw" width="540" height="447"><h4>What Changes in Our PFAS-Free Models?</h4>Our <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?manufacturerItems=540&amp;search=N-">PFAS-free evaporators</a> (designated with the “-NT” suffix) are nearly identical to their standard counterparts in appearance, performance, and cost. The critical difference lies in how we seal the nitrogen gas fittings.Instead of PTFE tape, PFAS-free units use a specialized PTFE-free sealant to secure the threads. This eliminates the introduction of fluoropolymers into the nitrogen pathway, making the instrument fully safe for PFAS testing.To put it simply:<ul><li>Organomation's standard evaporators: Uses PTFE tape as a sealant</li><li>Organomation's PFAS-Free evaporators: Uses PTFE-free thread sealant instead</li></ul>Both models will look identical on your lab bench, operate with the same reliability, and come at the same price point. The only distinction is that the PFAS-free version guarantees your nitrogen stream will not pass over any fluoropolymer materials.<h4>Why This Matters for PFAS Testing</h4>When it comes to PFAS analysis, accuracy depends on eliminating contamination at every step of the workflow. Because PFAS are fluorinated compounds, any exposure to fluoropolymers in the lab can introduce false positives or compromise ultra-trace results. Even a small amount of PTFE thread sealant inside a nitrogen line is enough to skew data.That’s where Organomation’s N-EVAP product line stands out. The N-EVAP has been the industry’s benchmark nitrogen evaporator for decades, trusted for its durability, ease of use, and efficient sample preparation. For labs following <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/epa-533-drying-down-pfas-samples-after-spe">EPA Method 533</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/sample-concentration-epa-method-537-pfas-determination">EPA Method 537.1</a>, or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/preparing-diverse-sample-matrices-for-epa-method-1633">EPA Method 1633</a>, which require extremely low detection limits, the PFAS-free N-EVAP provides peace of mind by ensuring nitrogen never passes over fluoropolymer materials. This makes it the safest option for preparing PFAS samples without the risk of background interference.It’s no surprise that leading environmental labs and major instrument manufacturers trust our N-EVAPs for their PFAS workflows. In fact, as detailed in this case study, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/concentrating-pfas-samples-ahead-of-lcms">Organomation evaporators play a critical role in sample preparation for Water's Corporation</a>, one of the most respected PFAS testing labs in the country.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Organomation_PFAS_free_evaporators_d5349ec038.jpg" alt="Organomation: PFAS-free evaporators" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Organomation_PFAS_free_evaporators_d5349ec038.jpg 109w," sizes="100vw" width="758" height="1080"><h4>The Bottom Line</h4>If your lab is running PFAS analyses, the safest path is clear: select a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?manufacturerItems=540&amp;search=N-">PFAS-free sample concentrator</a> to ensure no contamination risks from fluoropolymers. With Organomation, you don’t have to compromise — both the standard and PFAS-free models deliver the same performance, durability, and cost efficiency. The only difference is peace of mind for your PFAS workflows.<blockquote>To discuss your lab's specific PFAS sample preparation needs, contact our team at sales@organomation.com.&nbsp;</blockquote>

Safe Sample Prep for PFAS Analysis: PTFE-Free Concentrators Explained

<div>Flame retardant chemicals help prevent fires and save lives. They are widely used in indoor spaces—from homes and offices to airplanes and cars. However, one environment has largely escaped scientific attention: the inside of cruise ships. These floating cities are packed with furniture, electronics, and synthetic materials, yet little is known about the chemicals passengers and crew may be exposed to during long voyages.&nbsp;</div>In the&nbsp;largest&nbsp;study of its kind,&nbsp;researchers from RECETOX and the Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA)&nbsp;examined indoor dust from three expedition cruise ships&nbsp;in the North Atlantic Ocean.&nbsp;The ships&nbsp;differed in age and renovation history. Dust samples were collected from a range of locations on each vessel, including cabins,&nbsp;common areas, and workspaces. Scientists&nbsp;analyzed&nbsp;dozens of flame retardants, including older chemicals that are now restricted in many countries and newer replacements that are still widely used.&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/RECETOX_Nove_poznatky_o_chemickych_latkach_na_vyletnich_lodich_c578ce9b5d.jpg" alt="RECETOX: Revealing hidden chemicals at sea: A makeshift laboratory onboard to assemble passive air samplers." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_RECETOX_Nove_poznatky_o_chemickych_latkach_na_vyletnich_lodich_c578ce9b5d.jpg 208w," sizes="100vw" width="575" height="431"><div>The results revealed that flame retardants were present everywhere - but not evenly distributed. Some areas contained levels up to ten times higher than others, particularly spaces filled with electronics or soft furnishings. The most abundant chemicals were organophosphate flame retardants, especially one called TCIPP, which reached extremely high concentrations in some samples.&nbsp;“Older ships had overall higher levels of flame retardants than the newer vessels, which likely reflects the types of materials used in the past and earlier fire‑safety standards. Using exposure models, we also estimated how much of these chemicals people on board may be ingesting or absorbing each day. The estimates suggest that crew members, who spend many months living and working on the ships, may experience higher exposure during routine activities - for example through contact with surfaces or the unintentional ingestion of dust,” says the study’s lead author, Veronica van der Schyff.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/RECETOX_Nove_poznatky_o_chemickych_latkach_na_vyletnich_lodich_2_82d0edab27.jpg" alt="RECETOX: Revealing hidden chemicals at sea: Outdoor air sampler setup." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_RECETOX_Nove_poznatky_o_chemickych_latkach_na_vyletnich_lodich_2_82d0edab27.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="770" height="282">While strict fire-safety standards are mandatory for ships, there are currently no rules limiting which flame retardant chemicals can be used or how much is allowed. This study highlights an important gap in maritime safety regulations and raises questions about long-term chemical exposure in enclosed ship environments.&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/RECETOX_Nove_poznatky_o_chemickych_latkach_na_vyletnich_lodich_3_0da5788276.jpg" alt="RECETOX: Revealing hidden chemicals at sea: Dust collection with a vacuum cleaner." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_RECETOX_Nove_poznatky_o_chemickych_latkach_na_vyletnich_lodich_3_0da5788276.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="775" height="282">As cruise tourism, and the maritime industry, continues to grow, the findings underscore the need for closer monitoring and smarter regulation; ensuring that protecting ships from fire does not come at the cost of crew and passenger health.&nbsp;<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2026/va/d5va00257e">Flame retardants in dust from the indoor environments of expedition cruise ships</a></h4>Veronica van der Schyff, Verena Meraldi, Andrew Luke King, Simona Rozárka Jílková, Ondřej Audy, Petr Kukučka, Jiří Kohoutek, Lisa MelymukEnviron. Sci.: Adv., 2026,5, 86-97<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00257E">https://doi.org/10.1039/D5VA00257E</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC-BY 3.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>Flame retardants (FRs) are widely used in indoor environments to meet fire safety requirements. One understudied environment with respect to indoor chemical exposure to FRs is the maritime environment, particularly the indoor environments of cruise ships. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of FRs in indoor dust collected from three expedition cruise ships of varying ages and refitting histories. Ten polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 23 alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs), and 16 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in dust from 12–16 locations per ship. OPEs, especially tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), dominated the chemical profile, with concentrations reaching up to 1786 µg g−1. Concentrations of FRs in different areas on the same ships differed greatly, sometimes by an order of magnitude. Older ships exhibited significantly higher FR levels compared to the newer vessel. Estimated daily intake (EDI) modeling indicated that ship crew members—particularly those working in heavily furnished or electronic-rich areas—may experience elevated exposures through ingestion and dermal contact. Strict performance-based fire test procedures are mandatory for all products onboard ships, but no regulations exist concerning the type of FR used or the concentrations thereof. These findings underscore the need for targeted regulation and further monitoring of chemical exposures in maritime environments, especially given the extended periods that crew members spend onboard.<h4>Instrumental analyses</h4>Out of 16 OPEs that were analyzed for (Table S1), 15 were detected in the samples at least once: TDCIPP, TCIPP, CDP, EHDPP, oTMPP, ip-TPP, m/p TMPP, TBOEP, TCEP, TEHP, TEP, TiBP, TnBP, TnPP, TPHP. The full list of target OPEs with compound names and identifiers is given in Table S1. OPEs were quantified using an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=1290+Infinity">Agilent 1290 Infinity high-performance liquid chromatograph</a> (HPLC) coupled to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=6495+">Agilent 6495 triple quadrupole mass spectromete</a>r operating in positive electrospray ionization mode (ESI+). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1952">ACQUITY BEH C18 column</a> (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) with a mobile phase gradient of 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min−1. Quantification was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using isotope dilution with 13C- or deuterium-labeled standards for TPHP, TnBP, TDCIPP, and TnPP.Ten PBDE congeners were detected (BDEs-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) and 16 out of 23 AHFRs (HBB, BEH-TEBP, PBBZ, PBT, PBEB, TBP-DBPE, EH-TBB, DBDPE, TBP-AE, aDBE-DBCH, bDBE-DBCH, gdDBE-DBCH, BTBPE, sDP and aDP) were detected in the samples. The full list of PBDEs and AHFRs is given in Table S1. PBDEs and AHFRs were analyzed using an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890A">Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph</a> equipped with an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=7&amp;search=RTX-1614">RTX-1614 column</a> (15 m × 0.25 mm, 0.10 µm) and coupled to a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=5&amp;search=AutoSpec+Premier">Waters AutoSpec Premier high-resolution mass spectrometer</a> operated in electron impact ionization (EI+) and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with a resolving power greater than 10 000. BDE-209 was analyzed at a reduced resolution of &gt;5000 to improve sensitivity. While PBDEs and AHFRs were measured using the same instrumental setup, distinct GC oven temperature programs and injection conditions were applied for each compound group. Full analytical parameters are provided in the SI (Text S3; Tables S4–S8) and example chromatographs presented in Fig. S3–S7.</div>

Revealing hidden chemicals at sea

Article

Product

Events

Webinars

Application

Academy

Video

Poster

Scientists

Plastics

Environment

Food

Water

Health

Presentation

Scientific article

Interview

Toxicology

Popularization

Science and research

Software

Covid-19

Career

Laboratories

Various

Zaměření

Type of News

Focus

RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment) is an independent department of the Faculty of Science of Masaryk University in Brno, which has been established in 1983. RECETOX is focused on the research and education in cross-cutting area of Environment and Health. It addresses interactions among chemicals, environment, and biological systems, including consequences at local, regional, and global levels.

RECETOX - Centrum pro výzkum toxických látek v prostředí

The University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague is a natural centre of first-rate study and research in the area of chemistry in Czechia and is one of the country's largest educational and research institutions focused on technical chemistry, chemical and biochemical technologies, material and chemical engineering, food chemistry, and environmental studies.

UCT Prague

Everything from the world of analytical chemistry in one place. We connect people in solving their problems. At Labrulez you will find all the necessary information easily, quickly and clearly. Stop searching and start finding.

LabRulez

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

Organomation

Pittcon 2026

36th MassSpec Forum Vienna 2026

US HUPO 2026

The science of next-gen ingredients: fermentation, formulation and function

The Data Driven Plant; How AI Transforms Chemical Manufacturing

Process Raman: A Reliable and Versatile Tool For Downstream Process Monitoring and Control For mAB Production