<p><strong>🎤Jessica Whitehouse</strong></p><p><strong>Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are disinfection byproducts formed when chlorine or bromine reacts with organic matter in water—and some are linked to serious health concerns. In this episode of Concentrating on Chromatography, we sit down with Jessica Whitehouse, MSc student at the University of Calgary, to discuss how she developed a GC-MS method to detect and quantify HAAs in real-world water samples.</strong></p><p>During her undergraduate research at Thompson Rivers University, Jessica tackled a major challenge faced by many academic labs: how to analyze regulated environmental contaminants without access to GC-ECD instrumentation. &nbsp;Using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, derivatization, and GC-MS, she built a faster, more accessible workflow—and applied it to tap water, swimming pools, and hot tubs.</p><h4><strong>In this conversation, we cover:</strong></h4><ul><li>What haloacetic acids are and why they matter</li><li>Why standard EPA methods can be difficult for smaller or teaching-focused labs</li><li>How GC-MS can be adapted for HAA analysis</li><li>The challenges of derivatization and temperature program optimization</li><li>Unexpected findings in brominated vs. chlorinated HAAs</li><li>Why pool and hot tub water can show surprisingly high HAA levels</li><li>The excitement (and frustration) of first-time method development</li><li>Advice for undergraduate and early-career analytical chemists</li></ul><p>Jessica also shares how this project led directly to her current MSc research on ozone and nanobubble water disinfection, where she’s now expanding into ion chromatography.</p><p>Whether you work in environmental analysis, chromatography, GC-MS, or are just starting your journey in analytical chemistry, this episode offers practical insight into real lab constraints, method development, and the joy of finding your first analyte peak.</p><h3><strong>Video Transcription</strong></h3><h4><span><strong>Introduction</strong></span></h4><p>Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are an important class of disinfectant byproducts formed when organic matter present in water reacts with chemical sanitizers. Because several HAAs are associated with adverse health effects, their determination remains relevant in environmental and public health analysis. This interview highlights the academic pathway and research experience of Jessica, whose undergraduate work focused on the development of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the analysis of HAAs in pool and hot tub water.</p><p>Her project emerged from a combination of academic interest in analytical chemistry, practical experience with water testing, and the constraints of instrument availability in an undergraduate research setting. The resulting workflow illustrates how method adaptation, critical problem-solving, and persistence can enable meaningful analytical research even when standardized methods are not directly accessible.</p><h4><span><strong>Academic Background and Entry into Analytical Chemistry</strong></span></h4><p>Jessica completed a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry with a minor in Physics at Thompson Rivers University in British Columbia. Her interest in analytical chemistry developed during her second year of study, when coursework revealed the quantitative and detail-oriented nature of the discipline. This emphasis on numerical interpretation, precision, and method development aligned strongly with her academic strengths and motivated her to pursue analytical research.</p><p>Her specific interest in water chemistry originated even earlier through practical work in a pool and hot tub store, where she became familiar with routine water testing and the chemical factors influencing water quality. This early exposure led naturally into undergraduate research under the supervision of Dr. Sharon Brewer, whose expertise in water analysis provided an ideal foundation for the project.</p><h4><span><strong>Haloacetic Acids as Disinfectant Byproducts</strong></span></h4><p>Haloacetic acids are a subset of disinfectant byproducts generated when sanitizing agents react with natural organic matter in water. In treated recreational water systems such as pools and hot tubs, disinfectants are essential for microbial control, yet they can also lead to formation of unwanted chemical byproducts. Because some HAAs are considered potentially harmful, their occurrence and concentration warrant analytical attention.</p><p>In this study, both chlorinated and brominated HAAs were of interest. Although the tested water systems were primarily sanitized using chlorine-based products, the occurrence of brominated HAAs emerged as a notable and somewhat unexpected finding.</p><h4><span><strong>Analytical Challenges and Method Selection</strong></span></h4><p>A major challenge in the project was the lack of access to the instrumentation required for the standard EPA-based method initially considered for HAA analysis. The available protocol depended on GC-ECD instrumentation, which was not accessible at the university. This limitation required the development of an alternative strategy based on the instruments available locally.</p><p>GC-MS was selected as the most practical analytical platform. To support this approach, Jessica identified a literature source describing a similar method that could be adapted to her research aims. In parallel, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was introduced into the workflow as a means of sample preparation, providing valuable methodological experience beyond the standard undergraduate laboratory curriculum.</p><p>This adaptation illustrates a common reality in academic research: analytical methodology is often shaped not only by ideal regulatory procedures, but also by local instrument access, scheduling limitations, and the practical needs of the researcher.</p><h4><span><strong>Need for Derivatization in GC-MS Analysis</strong></span></h4><p>A central analytical issue was that HAAs are inherently nonvolatile, which makes them poorly suited to direct GC analysis. To enable gas chromatographic separation, derivatization was required to convert the analytes into more volatile derivatives with more favorable boiling characteristics.</p><p>In this method, derivatization with octanol was employed. This modification improved volatility and also generated larger fragments, which aided mass spectral interpretation by making the analyte fragmentation patterns easier to distinguish. Thus, derivatization served both chromatographic and mass spectrometric purposes.</p><h4><span><strong>Optimization of the GC Temperature Program</strong></span></h4><p>Considerable effort was devoted to optimization of the GC temperature program. The main difficulty did not arise solely from the analytes themselves, but from the derivatization reagent. Octanol produced a broad and persistent chromatographic feature, including a significant shoulder extending into later retention times. This complicated separation and increased pressure to keep the method sufficiently short for routine sample throughput.</p><p>Among the analytes, monochloroacetic acid proved especially problematic. Because it differed only subtly in structure and produced overlapping behavior relative to the octanol-derived background, its signal was difficult to isolate confidently. Although chlorine-containing fragments could be observed, precise assignment remained challenging. This difficulty underscores how small structural differences and matrix-related interferences can complicate quantitative GC-MS workflows.</p><h4><span><strong>Method Performance and Practical Advantages</strong></span></h4><p>Although the adapted GC-MS method was developed out of necessity, it also provided practical advantages over the more standardized workflow that had initially been considered. In particular, the derivatization step in the adapted approach required only approximately 10 minutes, whereas the more conventional procedure involved a water bath step lasting around two hours. In addition, the adapted workflow offered shorter overall preparation and analysis timing, allowing batches of samples to be prepared and placed on the autosampler within a normal working schedule.</p><p>From a practical research perspective, this translated into substantially improved laboratory efficiency. The ability to complete derivatization quickly and begin automated sample analysis without extensive delays made the workflow more manageable and better suited to the demands of an undergraduate project.</p><h4><span><strong>Unexpected Findings: Brominated HAAs in Chlorine-Sanitized Systems</strong></span></h4><p>One of the more surprising outcomes of the study was the predominance of brominated HAAs, despite the fact that the investigated pools and hot tubs were sanitized using chlorine-based treatments. Four of the systems relied on sodium chloride electrolysis to generate chlorine species, while others used chlorine-containing puck formulations commonly applied in recreational water treatment.</p><p>Given these conditions, higher levels of chlorinated HAAs might have been expected. Instead, the results suggested a greater abundance of brominated HAAs. A plausible explanation is the presence of bromine-containing impurities in commercial pool and hot tub chemicals. Although such impurities may occur at relatively low levels, they can still influence disinfectant byproduct formation. The observation highlights the importance of considering the full chemical composition of treatment products, not merely their primary declared active ingredients.</p><h4><span><strong>Value of Practical Industry Experience</strong></span></h4><p>Jessica’s prior work in the pool and hot tub industry provided an unusually strong contextual advantage for the project. Because the samples originated from store clients, she had access to detailed information about the chemicals used in each system, including safety data sheets and knowledge of treatment timing. This background significantly strengthened interpretation of the analytical results by linking measured byproducts to known product usage patterns.</p><p>Such integration of practical field knowledge with laboratory analysis represents an important strength in applied environmental chemistry, particularly when studying real-world water systems rather than idealized laboratory samples.</p><h4><span><strong>Scientific Development and Early Research Motivation</strong></span></h4><p>An especially valuable element of the project was the role it played in building research confidence. Jessica described the first successful identification of an analyte peak as a memorable turning point, reflecting the emotional significance of early experimental success in scientific training. In analytical chemistry, where method optimization often involves repeated setbacks and ambiguous data, such moments can be critical in sustaining motivation and reinforcing scientific identity.</p><p>This experience also informed her advice to early-stage researchers: unfavorable or unexpected outcomes still constitute valid results. Negative or imperfect findings remain analytically meaningful and contribute to scientific understanding, provided they are interpreted carefully.</p><h4><span><strong>Connection to Current Research</strong></span></h4><p>Jessica is now working at the University of Calgary on a different project focused on ozone and nanobubble disinfection. Although the analytical platform and immediate research questions have changed, the conceptual connection to her earlier work remains clear. Her experience with disinfectant byproducts and water chemistry directly supported her transition into this new role and helped position her as a strong candidate for research in water treatment-related systems.</p><p>She also expressed interest in expanding her analytical expertise through ion chromatography, which will play a role in her current work. This transition reflects the broader development of an environmental analytical chemist whose work continues to center on water quality, disinfection chemistry, and the analytical tools needed to investigate both.</p><h4><span><strong>Public Health Relevance</strong></span></h4><p>A notable practical implication of the project concerns recreational water safety. Jessica emphasized that pool and hot tub water should not be ingested, a recommendation already widely understood in general terms but further reinforced by her findings. In at least one case, HAA concentrations were reported at levels far above the federal drinking water regulation threshold. While such regulations are designed for potable water rather than recreational water, the comparison nevertheless illustrates the extent to which disinfectant byproducts may accumulate in these environments.</p><p>She also noted that several HAAs are classified as probable human carcinogens, with prolonged exposure linked to serious health concerns. Although occasional accidental ingestion is not equivalent to chronic exposure, the findings reinforce the importance of appropriate hygiene, safe water maintenance practices, and awareness of chemical byproduct formation in recreational systems.</p><h4><span><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h4><p>This research demonstrates how meaningful analytical chemistry can emerge from a combination of scientific curiosity, practical constraints, and strong mentorship. By adapting a GC-MS workflow for the determination of haloacetic acids in pool and hot tub water, Jessica developed a method that was both workable within local instrument limitations and efficient enough to offer practical benefits over more conventional procedures.</p><p>Beyond the analytical results themselves, the project highlights several broader themes: the value of undergraduate research, the importance of flexibility in method development, the benefit of practical contextual knowledge, and the relevance of environmental analytical chemistry to real-world public health questions. It also shows how early research experiences can shape a long-term scientific trajectory, leading from undergraduate investigation to continued work in water chemistry and disinfection science.</p><blockquote><p><strong>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</strong></p></blockquote><blockquote><h4><strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast</strong></h4><p>Dive into the frontiers of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation with host David Oliva. Each episode features candid conversations with leading researchers, industry innovators, and passionate scientists who are shaping the future of analytical chemistry. From decoding PFAS detection challenges to exploring the latest in AI-assisted liquid chromatography, this show uncovers practical workflows, sustainability breakthroughs, and the real-world impact of separation science. Whether you’re a chromatographer, lab professional, or researcher you'll discover inspiring content!</p><p>You can find <strong>Concentrating on Chromatography Podcast </strong>in podcast apps:</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1wZg67rCjoGju4yhqxI3tL"><strong>Spotify</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/tz/podcast/concentrating-on-chromatography/id1788429185"><strong>Apple podcast</strong></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/concentrating-on-chromatography"><strong>podscan</strong></a></li></ul><p>and on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ChromatographyTalk/videos"><strong>YouTube channel</strong></a></p></blockquote>

Detecting Haloacetic Acids in Water with GC-MS

<p><strong>This study presents a one-year assessment of microplastic concentrations in the River Rhine, analyzing samples from three locations and across multiple size fractions using TED-GC/MS. Dominant polymers included polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, styrene–butadiene rubber, and natural rubber.</strong></p><p>Statistical analysis revealed size-dependent distributions, minor seasonal variation, and spatial differences, highlighting the role of sources such as tire abrasion. The findings provide valuable data for environmental monitoring, ecotoxicological research, and regulatory frameworks related to water quality.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530"><strong>One Year Observation of Microplastic Concentrations in the River Rhine</strong></a></h4><p>Yosri Wiesner, Paul Eisentraut, and Korinna Altmann*</p><p>ACS EST Water 2026, 6, 2, 639–648</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><p>As microplastics (MPs) are found all over the world and no comprehensive knowledge is available yet, extensive monitoring campaigns are required to gain a full understanding of their occurrence, transportation and fate. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> In particular, MP abundance in freshwater systems has still not been sufficiently investigated. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3,4)</a> Additionally, the question of the toxicological potential of MPs has been the subject of numerous studies for many years, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a> leading to more precise and complex experimental set-ups and results. However, there is still a need for more acurate data on environmental MP concentrations in order to make ecotoxicological tests even more detailed and realistic. The lack of certainty for exposure concentrations in the risk assessment frame of MPs leads to the precautionary principle being applied by politicians and regulators worldwide. Both the EU drinking water directive and the wastewater directive call for monitoring of MPs within the next few years. It is important to establish suitable analytical methods for sampling, sample preparation and detection that must now be fast, robust and fit for purpose in order to obtain representative and valid results depending on mass or particle number. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7−9)</a></p><p>MPs are solid particles with a size of 1–1000 μm mainly consisting of polymers (ISO/TR 21960, 2020) and can, for example, result from industrial production in the form of small particles that are designed as additives and change the properties of products, or from plastic parts that have been released into the environment. Major sources of MPs today are paints, tires, packaging materials, pellet waste and textiles. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10−12)</a> These macroplastic products can form MP particles as a result of degradation factors such as photooxidation, hydrolysis and mechanical abrasion. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13,14)</a></p><p>The River Rhine has its origin in Switzerland and then flows through Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany and France until it discharges into the North Sea in The Netherlands. At 1233 km and a catchment area of about 185&nbsp;000 km<sup>2</sup>, the Rhine is one of the largest river systems in Europe and, due to its expanse, forms the ecological basis for a large number of animal species. Around 30 million people in Germany are supplied with drinking water from the Rhine.</p><p>It is hardly possible to assess the occurrence of MPs if either a limited sampling volume is used or only individual samples are taken. It is therefore essential that different volumes are sampled depending on whether the water to be sampled contains many or few MP particles. It is recommended to sample at least 5 m<sup>3</sup> for drinking water samples and 1 m<sup>3</sup> for surface water, whereas raw wastewater contains so many particles that only a few liters need to be sampled. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> Although sampling of these water volumes leads to a representative sample from the analytic point of view, it is questionable, if the result measured is representative for the location. Previous studies have shown that the composition in terms of MP masses in a water body can change at one location with each individual sample independently whether several samples are analyzed in 1 day or spread over several days. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16)</a> Fractionated filtration and sedimentation boxes as active and passive sampling methods have proven themselves in the sampling of freshwater systems. In active sampling, water is fractionally filtered using a pump and a sieve tower with different mesh sizes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a> Passive sampling can be carried out using sedimentation boxes. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a> In a sedimentation box, the flow velocity of the medium flowing through is reduced by using several baffle plates. Due to the reduced velocity and energy, particles up to a certain size are forced to sediment by the now predominant gravitational force. Such boxes can remain in the water for several weeks and therefore collect a cross-section of the suspended particles including MP over a certain period of time.</p><p>Mass and number-based methods have emerged as suitable detection methods for MPs. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> Number-based methods such as μ-Raman, μ-FTIR or LDIR are well advanced to evaluate the polymer identity, particle number concentration and shape, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20,21)</a> but are still time-consuming in terms of sample preparation. In regulatory approaches or for simulations, usually the MP mass is needed. MP polymer identity and masses can be detected by thermoanalytical methods like pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) or thermal extraction desorption-GC/MS (TED-GC/MS). Especially TED-GC/MS seems to be suitable for monitoring purses of suspended particulate matter, because there is no need for additional sample preparation others than filtration and homogenization. Up to 50 mg of suspended particulate matter can be directly measured in one run, giving representative subsamples for precise measurements exceeding the limit of quantification. Furthermore, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) as indication for tire wear can be detected in the same sample run next to thermoplastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyamide 6 or polyacrylates.</p><p>This work provides a comprehensive data set of MP concentrations of the River Rhine over one year sampling at three different locations starting near the source in Weil via Koblenz and Emmerich. Sampling was done with sedimentation boxes with monthly withdrawal and fractioned filtration of the collected particles afterward. The size fractions 10–50 μm, 50–100 μm and 100–500 μm were provided by the Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG, Germany) and analyzed at the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing (BAM, Germany) funded by a national project from the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV, Germany, 3719 22301 0). Detection was performed with TED-GC/MS in routine mode, proven as a fast and robust detection method. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,16,22)</a> Data can be used, for example, for water monitoring or as reference values for future risk assessment scenarios and experiments.</p><h4><strong>2. Materials and Methods</strong></h4><h5><strong>2.2. TED-GC/MS</strong></h5><p>TED-GC/MS is a multistage detection technique combining the thermal sample extraction by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with chromatographic separation of the individual decomposition gases and detection by trace analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sample material in 150 μL alumina crucibles was pyrolyzed in a <strong>TGA2 thermobalance</strong> (MettlerToledo, Gieβen, Germany) under a nitrogen flow of 30 mL/min from 200 to 500 °C with a heating rate of 10 K/min. Typical sample intake was between 10 to 50 mg depending on the organic content. The decomposition gases were collected on a solid phase (SorbStar, Envea, Vohenstrauβ, Germany) in the typical polymer decomposition temperature range between 200 and 500 °C via a heated coupling module (240 °C, Gerstel, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany). The loaded solid phase was transported to the thermodesorption unit (TDU)-GC/MS by an autosampler (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=8&amp;search=MultiPurposeSampler+2"><strong>MultiPurposeSampler 2</strong></a> (MPS2), Gerstel, Mühlheim an der Ruhr). The desorption of the decomposition products took place in the TDU (50–200 °C, 5 min isothermal, He gas, Gerstel), the cryofocusing in the cold injection system (−100 °C, Gerstel). Injection was carried out from there by rapid heating (−100–270 °C, 12 K/s) onto the separation column (HP5 ms, 1 mL/min He, 40–300 °C, Agilent, Palo Alto, USA) in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=7890B"><strong>GC system (7890 B Agilent)</strong></a>. After chromatographic separation, detection was performed in a mass spectrometer (EI, 70 eV, scan-mode, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=5977B"><strong>5977 B, Agilen</strong></a>t).</p><h4><strong>3. Results and Discussion</strong></h4><p>A summary of the identified polymer types and their corresponding mass concentrations per sampling location is provided in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530#fig1">Figure 1</a>. All individual results are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530/suppl_file/ew5c00530_si_001.pdf">Table S1</a> of the Supporting Information. With a few exceptions, the polymers PE, PP, PS, SBR and NR were detected. To cope with the large amount of measurement data and to obtain an overview of possible correlations, the data was evaluated using statistical and mathematical algorithms. Only the five polymers named above provide enough input data and are therefore used as the basis for the data analysis. The individual results were sorted according to various aspects that are included in the data set as independent variables:</p><p>(I)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Particle size fractions</p><p>(II)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Temporal variation</p><p>(III)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Spatial variation due to the sampling locations</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_1_Overview_of_sampling_locations_along_the_German_part_of_the_River_Rhine_and_sum_of_identified_median_mass_concentrations_fe570f51b5.jpg" alt="ACS EST Water 2026, 6, 2, 639–648: Figure 1. Overview of sampling locations along the German part of the River Rhine and sum of identified median mass concentrations." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_1_Overview_of_sampling_locations_along_the_German_part_of_the_River_Rhine_and_sum_of_identified_median_mass_concentrations_fe570f51b5.jpg 158w," sizes="100vw" width="1883" height="1860"></p><p>The concentrations of the various polymers in the suspended matter serve as input values. The riverine balancing and material transport based on the total masses (polymer mass in total suspended solids mass) is carried out explicitly and will be published at Umweltbundesamt as part of the project report by the BfG (Ternes, final project report, 2023).</p><h5><strong>3.1. Particle Size Fractions</strong></h5><p>This section describes the possible correlation of the polymer mass concentration with the size of the measured particles regardless of the sampling location. Therefore, the generated samples were sorted by sieving into different size fractions of 10–50, 50–100 and 100–500 μm. The relative mean values of the individual fractions are calculated (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530/suppl_file/ew5c00530_si_001.pdf">Figure S2</a>) to obtain the shares of the different polymer types in the total amount of MP. PE is the dominant polymer in all size fractions with 68–76%, followed by PS (10–15%), SBR (4–13%), PP (2–5%) and NR (2–4%). Obviously, all polymer types are approximately evenly distributed across the size fractions, with SBR being less present in the 100–500 μm fraction.</p><p>In general, it can be determined that PE accounts for the highest proportion of MP. PS makes up the second highest proportion, followed by SBR. Next in line are PP and NR. The polymer findings are in good agreement with previous MP studies of the Rhine. PE, PP and PS in particular are the most frequently detected polymers. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> The relative abundance of PE, PP and PS is also relatively similar to Skalska et al., even when the particle number was considered here. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(26)</a> Especially in comparison with the results of Mani et al. significant similarities to the ratios of PE, PP and PS can be found. Data on SBR from tire abrasion in the Rhine is difficult to find in existing studies, as such particles cannot easily be identified using vibrational methods due to the IR absorbing properties and the intense fluorescence of the accompanying soot. However, a comparison with suspended particulate matter samples from the Danube is possible, as here the detection was also carried out using TED-GC/MS. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> The relative ratios of PE, PP, PS, SBR and NR are comparable and support the plausibility of the results.</p><p>Total MP mass concentrations are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530/suppl_file/ew5c00530_si_001.pdf">Figure S3</a> for individual polymer types, showing highest mass concentrations in the size fraction 100–500 μm. The median varies from 0.17 to 6.80 μg/mg depending on the polymer type. In absolute terms, the PE mass concentrations are significantly higher than those of all other polymers. PP and PS show a strong mass increase in the 100–500 μm fraction, together with higher uncertainty compared to 10–50 μm and 50–100 μm. With a variation of 0.27–0.32 μg/mg across all particle size fractions, the mass contents of SBR are relatively constant, while NR mass concentration seems to increase more linearly. The high mass concentrations and the strong scattering of the 100–500 μm fractions could be due to the presence or absence of large but few particles. Basically, the larger a particle is, the higher its contribution to the mass concentration. In contrast, the larger a particle is, the lower the probability of an equal distribution in all samples.</p><p>If other regions associated with the Rhine are considered, comparable ratios of mass concentration in the various particle size fractions are found in Rhine floodplains. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(27)</a></p><p>At the beginning of the data analysis, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is carried out to identify parameters that have a high influence on the mass content. This analysis identified that the particle size has the greatest influence on the mass concentration (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00530#fig2">Figure 2</a>). The first principal component (PC 1) was identified as the particle size fraction and explains over 50% of the differences in the data.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_2_PCA_Score_plot_of_mass_concentrations_of_the_different_polymers_be94ae16c4.jpg" alt="ACS EST Water 2026, 6, 2, 639–648: Figure 2. PCA Score plot of mass concentrations of the different polymers." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_EST_Water_2026_6_2_639_648_Figure_2_PCA_Score_plot_of_mass_concentrations_of_the_different_polymers_be94ae16c4.jpg 184w," sizes="100vw" width="747" height="635"></p><h4><strong>4. Conclusion</strong></h4><p>This study demonstrated that long-term sampling of the Rhine is possible and provides plausible results, which is important for future MP monitoring campaigns, as required by the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive for the EU. Although the MP concentrations in the Rhine are relatively constant, seasonal and downstream differences were observed. In order to confirm these possible trends, further sampling campaigns are needed to identify possible differences on an annual scale. Furthermore, the influences of urban proximity and land use must be examined in greater detail by increasing the number of measuring points. Additional sample sites are needed to identify possible sources of input. This would be particularly important to clarify the PS concentrations, which show a high correlation between the different particle size fractions in almost all seasons and could indicate a possible common source. SBR is the only polymer to show a relatively constant concentration across all particle sizes and seasons, independent of the river course. Since it is a tire component, constant road traffic could be part of the explanation. However, a different particle ratio must be assumed here compared to the other polymers. The fragmentation mechanism and/or another transport mechanism needs to be clarified.</p><p>Although PE constitutes the majority of the total MP concentration, there may be an overestimation due to false positive signals. To exclude or confirm this, further studies must be conducted to analyze the organic components of the riverine suspended matter in detail.</p><p>A comparison with other studies reveals similar occurrences of the same polymer types and in parts also similar seasonal fluctuations and a slight downstream increase. The differentiated presentation of results in polymer type, particle size fraction and range of mass concentrations can provide a valuable basis for more complex and realistic exposure tests for ecotoxicological studies on freshwater organisms. In particular, the large database for SBR as a tire component could be of special interest, as the toxicity of tire particles due to their chemical composition has already been shown in other studies. In studies using FTIR-based detection methods, these values are usually missing due to the high absorbance of the black tire particles.</p></div>

One Year Observation of Microplastic Concentrations in the River Rhine

<p><strong>In the week of April 6, the following webinars await you in the field of gas / solid phase and especially Raman, FTIR, GC and GC/MS.</strong></p><blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinars"><strong>👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</strong></a></h4><p><strong>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database</strong> with over <strong>5 500 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars</strong>.</p></blockquote><div><div><div><div><div><div><h5><strong>1. Bruker: Advances in AFM for the Characterization of 2D Materials</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 8.4.2026 17:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6054">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Explore how AFM enables comprehensive nanoscale characterization of 2D materials. Learn about structural, electrical, and chemical mapping, AFM-IR, and nanomanipulation for device fabrication.</p><h5><strong>2. Agilent Technologies: Mastering Gas Sampling: Valve Fundamentals to ASTM Ready RGA &amp; TOGA Analysis</strong></h5><ul><li>Th, 9.4.2026 08:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6056">Registration</a></li></ul><p>In this session, learn how to achieve reliable permanent gas analysis, starting from proper valve selection and sampling fundamentals.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Webinars LabRulezGCMS Week 15/2026

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Everything from the world of analytical chemistry in one place. We connect people in solving their problems. At Labrulez you will find all the necessary information easily, quickly and clearly. Stop searching and start finding.

LabRulez

Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

Organomation

Separation Science

Metrohm

Agilent Technologies

Technology Networks

Bruker

GERSTEL

Phenomenex

Thermo Fisher Scientific

Wasson-ECE Instrumentation

Waters Corporation

<div><div container-id="cq-colctrl-lt0" comp-id="A1"><div><p><strong>Join us for an exciting webinar where we introduce the new mass spectrometry (MS) functionalities in Chromeleon 7.4 software. This session will provide an overview of the latest features and enhancements, along with practical tips and tricks to optimize your MS workflows. Whether you are a seasoned user or new to Chromeleon CDS, this webinar will equip you with the knowledge to leverage the new MS capabilities, streamline your processes, and achieve more accurate results.</strong></p><h5><strong>Key takeaways:</strong></h5><ul><li>Discover the new MS functionalities and enhancements in Chromeleon 7.4 software</li><li>Learn practical tips and tricks for optimizing MS workflows</li><li>Understand how to integrate and configure MS settings for improved performance</li><li>Get answers to your specific questions during the live Q&amp;A session</li></ul><h5><strong>Who should attend:</strong></h5><ul><li>Chromeleon CDS users looking to upgrade their MS capabilities</li><li>Laboratory analysts and technicians working with mass spectrometry</li><li>Quality control and assurance professionals seeking to enhance MS workflows</li><li>Anyone interested in learning more about the new MS features in Chromeleon 7.4 software</li></ul><p><i>Don't miss this opportunity to stay ahead with the latest MS functionalities and optimize your workflows in Chromeleon 7.4. Register now to secure your spot!</i></p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Kimy Young (Senior Manager, Software Product Specialists, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p><p>Kimy Young is the Senior Manager of software product specialists at Thermo Fisher Scientific. She has been with Thermo Fisher since November 2015. Her background includes administration of Chromeleon CDS, laboratory information management systems (LIMS), Quality Assurance (QA), and IT projects.</p><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Juan Carmona (Chromeleon CDS Specialist, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p><p>Juan Carmona is a Chromeleon Specialist at Thermo Fisher Scientific based out of Pflugerville, TX. He has been with Thermo Fisher Scientific for over 15 years. At Thermo Fisher Scientific, he is currently focusing on expanding the customer base using Chromeleon CDS for small networks and enterprise deployments. Prior to joining this group, he was part of the GC/GCMS Center of Excellence team providing support for the product line.</p><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Monica Driscoll (Regional Marketing Specialist, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p></blockquote></div></div></div>

Thermo Fisher Scientific: Chromeleon CDS webinar series

Mastering mass spectrometry with Chromeleon CDS: Expert tips and tricks

Discover new MS capabilities in Chromeleon 7.4 and learn how to streamline workflows for better performance. Join the live Q&A with Thermo Fisher experts.

Mastering MS with Chromeleon CDS: Expert tips and tricks

<div><div><div><div><div><div><p>Discover calibration techniques to ensure accurate, reliable analytical data. This webinar covers best practices to improve precision, reproducibility, and compliance.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> John Wasson</p><p>John Wasson has over 40 years of experience in Gas Chromatography and Chemical Instrumentation. He is President of Wasson-ECE Instrumentation, Inc.</p></blockquote>

Wasson-ECE Instrumentation: Free Webinar Series

Calibration Techniques for Accurate Data

Discover calibration techniques to ensure accurate, reliable analytical data.

<p><strong>Ammonia is emerging as both a hydrogen carrier and a direct fuel, offering potential for large-scale energy applications. Its broader adoption, however, depends on strict monitoring of purity and the efficiency of cracking processes that release hydrogen for end use.</strong></p><p>This session will outline the role of gas chromatography (GC) in supporting ammonia across its value chain. Topics include analysis of synthesis and transport streams, detection of residual hydrogen and nitrogen, and quantification of trace contaminants that affect performance and safety. In addition, the session will cover GC-based characterization of hydrogen produced through ammonia cracking, ensuring suitability for downstream industrial and mobility applications.</p><p>By connecting ammonia’s role as an energy carrier with the analytical workflows required for reliable operation, the session highlights how GC supports its transition from concept to commercial deployment.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:&nbsp;</strong> Ms. Phoebe Phan (Business Development Manager, Agilent Technologies, Singapore)</p><p>Phoebe joined Agilent Technologies in 2020 as Business Development Manager, and currently is Market Development Specialist focusing on alternative energy segment. Her educational background includes a BS in Applied Chemistry.</p></blockquote>

Agilent Technologies: Energy Transition Webinar Series

Power Ahead with Ammonia

This session will outline the role of gas chromatography (GC) in supporting ammonia across its value chain. 

<div><p><strong>Pharmaceutical manufacturing faces growing demands for faster, more reliable testing while maintaining strict quality standards. Raman spectroscopy is transforming how laboratories meet these challenges with rapid, non-destructive analysis that requires little to no sample preparation.</strong></p><p>This webinar will showcase how this technology supports efficient, compliant and cost-effective testing across manufacturing workflows. Our expert speaker will also share insights into upcoming innovations that could further streamline processes and strengthen decision making.</p><p>Designed for professionals at all levels, this session will provide valuable knowledge to help you stay ahead in pharmaceutical testing.</p><h5><strong>Attend this webinar to:</strong></h5><ul><li>Understand the importance of testing in pharmaceutical manufacturing and the challenges encountered</li><li>Learn about comprehensive services such as data compliance, service and support to enhance testing processes</li><li>Understand the advanced capabilities of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical manufacturing testing</li><li>Discover the benefits of Raman technology, including higher throughput, cost savings, time savings and higher uptime</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> Sudhir Dahal, PhD (Product Manager at Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p><p>Dr. Sudhir Dahal is the product manager of research Raman products at Thermo Fisher Scientific. The products include Raman microscopes and benchtop Raman spectrometers. He has worked with several spectroscopy techniques in the industry and has over 7 years of experience. He has a PhD from University of Maryland Baltimore County, where he researched and collaborated on developing a novel spectroscopy-based technique for brain tumor cell detection.</p></blockquote></div>

Technology Networks: Enhancing Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Using Raman Spectroscopy

Enhancing Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Using Raman Spectroscopy

Webinar on Raman spectroscopy in pharma. Explore rapid, non-destructive testing that boosts compliance, efficiency, and cost savings in manufacturing workflows.

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing by Raman Spectroscopy

<h4><strong>Key Learning Points</strong></h4><ul><li>Review common baseline issues in GC with the most common detector, defining the root causes for each and possible solution</li><li>Identify and attribute challenges to specific areas of the GC instrument or column&nbsp;</li><li>Learn how to identify indicators of method performance issues</li></ul><h4><strong>Who Should Attend</strong></h4><ul><li>Any new GC users who want to understand the basics of GC troubleshooting and how to address issues with the baseline.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Speaker:</strong> Duilio Romanello (Senior Technical Specialist, Phenomenex)<br><br>Duilio Romanello graduated with his Bachelors of Science in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology from University of Bologna. Duilio then joined Phenomenex in 2008 as an Inside Technical Sales Consultant becoming Team Leader in Italy for GC/SPE in 2010 and then for the Env/Food Team. Since 2016 he has been covering the role of Account Manager for the South of Italy working remotely and acting as GC Specialist. Since November 2023 he is Senior Technical Specialist for the Technical team at Phenomenex.</p></blockquote>

Phenomenex: Clear Signals: Navigating Baseline Challenges in GC

Clear Signals: Navigating Baseline Challenges in GC

Learn to fix GC baseline problems and improve performance. Discover common causes and practical solutions in this Phenomenex troubleshooting webinar.

Navigating Baseline Challenges in GC

<div><div container-id="cq-colctrl-lt0" comp-id="A1"><div><p><strong>Urban snow is an efficient scavenger of atmospheric contaminants—from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated by traffic emissions, to microplastics and associated additives from tyre wear. In Arctic cities such as Tromsø, Norway, large volumes of this contaminated snow are dumped into the sea each year, yet the environmental impacts remain poorly understood.</strong></p><p>In this webinar, Dr Cleo Davie-Martin (NILU, Norway) will present findings from the DUMP project (Direct analysis of Urban snow particulates for traffic-related microplastic additives and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), which developed a solvent free, direct thermal desorption (TD) GC-MS approach for analysing particulates in snow, eliminating toxic solvents and reducing sample prep time. Cleo will discuss method optimization, including the use of analyte protectants and desorption aids to improve sensitivity, showing how PAH concentrations vary with traffic intensity.</p><p>Caroline Widdowson (Markes International) will showcase a novel TD–GC–MS methodology to track microplastics through all stages of a wastewater treatment plant, achieving large sample sizes, high reproducibility, and greater system robustness compared with traditional Py-GC-MS.</p><p>Together, these studies highlight how TD–GC–MS can streamline the analysis of complex particulate matrices, reduce environmental impact, and open up new opportunities for environmental monitoring and microplastic research.</p><h5><strong>By attending this webinar, you will learn:</strong></h5><ul><li>Direct TD–GC–MS can reduce sample preparation time and avoid toxic solvents.</li><li>Analyte protectants and desorption aids improve sensitivity and reproducibility.</li><li>The technique is applied to real-world challenges, from Arctic snow to microplastics in food and environmental samples.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Cleo Davie-Martin (Senior scientist, NILU)</p><p>Dr Cleo Davie-Martin is a senior scientist at NILU in Tromsø, Norway. She holds a PhD in Environmental and Analytical Chemistry from the University of Otago, where she studied volatilization processes affecting the distribution of semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs). Her research spans bioremediation of PAHs, biogenic VOC emissions from the Arctic tundra and marine environments, and environmental monitoring of pollutants. Cleo has extensive experience in analytical method development and quantification across diverse contaminant classes and environmental matrices, working with techniques such as thermal desorption (TD), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). At NILU, she also contributes to the digitalization and management of environmental monitoring data.</p><p><strong>Presenter:&nbsp;</strong>Caroline Widdowson (Material Emissions Specialist, Markes International)</p><p>Caroline works for Markes International, an advanced analytical instrument manufacturer. Having completed her chemistry degree at Cardiff University, she followed on with a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry then an MBA. As part of her current role, Caroline advises manufacturers, test laboratories, and research institutes on equipment needed to monitor interior environments and study chemical emissions from materials. Caroline is the Chair of the UK BSi committee developing standard methods for the sampling and analysis of chemicals from products and materials (BSi EH2/5); she also participates in ISO, ASTM, and CEN standards and national regulatory committees relating to this area.</p></blockquote></div></div></div>

SeparationScience: Snow DUMP-ing: Using Direct TD–GC–MS to Tackle Urban Snow and Microplastic Pollution

Snow DUMP-ing: Using Direct TD–GC–MS to Tackle Urban Snow and Microplastic Pollution

Discover how TD–GC–MS simplifies complex particulate analysis, cuts environmental impact, and advances microplastic and environmental research.

TD–GC–MS to Tackle Urban Snow and Microplastic Pollution

<div><p><strong>Join our webinar for a quick and application-focused guide to FT-IR based gas analysis. Discover how our FT-IR solutions deliver precise, real-time, and calibration-free quantification of gas compounds in gas mixtures with real-world application examples.</strong></p><h4><strong>What You’ll Learn</strong></h4><ul><li>Basic workflow for FT-IR based gas analysis measurements and commonly used setups</li><li>Definition of quantification methods for real-time, calibration-free quantification of gas compounds in gas mixtures</li><li>Real world application examples:&nbsp;<ul><li>Quality control of calibration gases</li><li>Catalytic conversion of CO to CO₂</li><li>Exhaust gas analysis under real driving conditions</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Who Should Attend</strong></h4><ul><li>Researcher in the field of catalytic reactions</li><li>Environmental scientists</li><li>Process engineers</li><li>Analytical chemists</li><li>Quality control professionals</li><li>Anyone interested in gas analysis techniques</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> Dr. Stephan Berner (Application Manager Gas Analytics)</p><p>Stephan Berner is Bruker’s global expert for FT-IR-based gas analysis.</p></blockquote></div>

Bruker: A Guide to FT-IR-based Gas Analysis

A Guide to FT-IR-based Gas Analysis

Join our webinar for a quick and application-focused guide to FT-IR based gas analysis.

<h4><strong>Analysis of Innovative Fermentation Aromas</strong></h4><h5><strong>From acid whey to microalgae – exploring new paths in aroma analysis</strong></h5><p>How can natural aromas from fermented products be precisely characterized?</p><p>In this webinar, Dr. Marina Rigling from the University of Hohenheim demonstrates how modern sorptive extraction techniques such as HS-SPME, HS-SBSE, and DI-SBSE provide new insights into complex matrices.</p><p>Through practical examples – from vegan cheese flavors and basil off-notes to fermented microalgae – you’ll learn how to identify, compare, and evaluate sensory-active compounds.</p><p>Machine learning also plays a role: helping to optimize analytical parameters and improve data interpretation.</p><p>👉 Experience how innovative fermentation processes and advanced aroma analysis come together – for more flavor, more knowledge, and new perspectives in research.</p><ul><li><strong>Duration:</strong> approx. 45 minutes</li><li><strong>Language:</strong> English</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Dr. Marina Rigling, University of Hohenheim</p></blockquote>

GERSTEL: Innovative Fermentation Aroma Analysis using HS- and DI-SBSE as well as HS-SPME

Innovative Fermentation Aroma Analysis using HS- and DI-SBSE as well as HS-SPME

In this webinar, Dr. Marina Rigling demonstrates how modern HS-SPME, HS-SBSE, and DI-SBSE provide new insights into complex matrices.

Fermentation Aroma Analysis by HS-, DI-SBSE, HS-SPME

<div><p><strong>Risk is no longer a static concept—it’s dynamic, data-driven, and deeply tied to how organizations manage information across systems, teams, and workflows. In regulated industries, the ability to analyze, mitigate, and monitor risk effectively is essential for ensuring patient safety, product quality, and operational continuity.</strong></p><p>In this session, we will explore how modern data governance practices can help organizations proactively identify risks, implement targeted mitigation strategies, and establish vigilant monitoring to support compliance and resilience.</p><h5><strong>Attendees will gain practical insights into:</strong></h5><ul><li>Conducting meaningful risk analysis across data and operational domains</li><li>Designing mitigation strategies that align with CGMP and QMM expectations</li><li>Building monitoring frameworks that detect issues before they escalate</li><li>Equipping teams with the tools and mindset to think critically and respond effectively in high-risk environments</li></ul><p>Whether you're upgrading and implementing new systems or refining your compliance strategy, this session will provide actionable guidance to help you strengthen your risk posture and elevate your data governance maturity.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> Tracy Hibbs (Principal Consulting Product and Marketing Manager, Waters Corp.)</p><p>Tracy has worked for Waters Corporation since 1999 and has held a variety of positions including Technical Trainer, Business Impact Consultant, Training Manager for Informatics and Data Integrity, and currently, Principal Consulting Marketing Manager focusing on Informatics solutions. Tracy provides support for Waters Empower Software Suite and is concentrated on developing laboratory data management software solutions that help organizations achieve their scientific and operational objectives in regulated environments. Prior to joining Waters, Tracy was a Research Scientist where she gained experience in chromatography and the associated data systems.​</p></blockquote></div>

Waters Corporation: Analysis, Mitigation, and Monitoring in Modern Data Governance

Analysis, Mitigation, and Monitoring in Modern Data Governance

Learn how data governance strengthens risk analysis, mitigation, monitoring to enhance compliance, safety, and operational resilience in regulated industries.

Analysis, Mitigation, and Monitoring in Data Governance

<p><strong>Handheld Raman spectroscopy is a proven tool for quick, non-destructive analysis of chemicals and raw materials. While most devices can easily measure through simple transparent or translucent packaging, they often struggle with opaque, multi-layer containers – common in warehouses or emergency response to hazardous materials.</strong></p><p>This webinar will showcase how advanced through-container Raman systems overcome these limitations. By integrating specialized optical hardware with software algorithms, these instruments can obtain a true Raman spectrum from materials hidden behind multiple layers of opaque packaging, providing accurate identification without opening the container.</p><p>An interactive question-and-answer session with the presenter will follow our presentation.</p><h4><strong>Key Takeaways:</strong></h4><ul><li>Learn how hardware and software innovations enable sample identification through opaque and highly colored containers.</li><li>Application examples demonstrating enhanced workflow efficiency and operator safety in handling chemicals and raw materials, from the loading dock to the process line.</li><li>Practical considerations for implementing these methods, including container variability, signal optimization, and method validation.</li></ul><h4><strong>Who should attend?</strong></h4><ul><li>QA/QC chemists, first responders and hazmat professionals, method development and analytical scientists, process engineers, anyone responsible for chemical identification or incident assessment</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Britan Stringer (Product Specialist Raman Spectroscopy, Metrohm Spectro)</p><p>Britan Stringer joined Metrohm in 2019 and is currently based at Metrohm Spectro’s Laramie, WY facility. Her work emphasizes practical, field- and lab-based Raman for rapid identification and verification across the pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and defense &amp; security. With a B.S. in Chemical Engineering, Britan aligns method design, documentation, and user enablement to deliver reproducible results from warehouse receipt to mission-critical field use.</p></blockquote>

Metrohm: Through-container Raman for chemicals, raw materials, and field response

Through-container Raman for chemicals, raw materials, and field response

Learn how through-container Raman technology identifies chemicals through opaque packaging, improving safety and workflow efficiency. Live webinar by Metrohm.

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