<p><strong>Join us for a free two-day LECO Separation Science Workshop on September 23–24, 2026, at the </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/companies/219"><strong>C³AL Laboratory</strong></a><strong> at Cal State LA. Registration is free, and meals and refreshments will be provided throughout the workshop.&nbsp;</strong></p><h4><strong>Registration</strong></h4><blockquote><p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>👉</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://forms.cloud.microsoft/pages/responsepage.aspx?id=iYeNbqIuykW7qZP4_jUEVbznDB40eK1PgjPzhHyb__9URTFTTFA5UEEzQ1A4MUtFV0o4TEJTNlZCOS4u&amp;route=shorturl"><strong>Register HERE</strong></a></p><p class="cke-user_style-important"><strong>Space is limited, register today!</strong></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_LECO_Separation_Science_Workshop_registration_332543a18e.jpg" alt="LECO: LECO Separation Science Workshop - QR code for registration" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_LECO_Separation_Science_Workshop_registration_332543a18e.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="437" height="437"></p></blockquote><h4><strong>Hand-on Experience with the LECO Complex Chemical Composition Analysis Lab C<sup>3</sup>AL</strong></h4><ul><li>Work directly with LECO instruments in the C<sup>3</sup>AL Laboratory</li><li>Learn complete analytical workflows from sample to answer</li><li>Get expert guidance from LECO application scientists</li><li>Develop methods and solve real-world challenges</li><li>Collaborate, ask questions, and build your skills</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Cal_State_LA_The_LECO_Pegasus_BTX_system_in_Cal_State_LA_s_LECO_Complex_Chemical_Compositional_Analysis_Lab_enhances_research_and_student_training_in_advanced_chemical_analysis_cover_b739e727ca.jpg" alt="Cal State LA: The LECO Pegasus BTX system in Cal State LA’s LECO Complex Chemical Compositional Analysis Lab enhances research and student training in advanced chemical analysis" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Cal_State_LA_The_LECO_Pegasus_BTX_system_in_Cal_State_LA_s_LECO_Complex_Chemical_Compositional_Analysis_Lab_enhances_research_and_student_training_in_advanced_chemical_analysis_cover_b739e727ca.jpg 227w," sizes="100vw" width="1252" height="863"></p><p>The first day will focus on the <strong>fundamentals and theory</strong> of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (<strong>GC×GC</strong>), with an emphasis on understanding how GC×GC can enhance your research, solve complex analytical challenges, and support your laboratory or company goals.&nbsp;</p><p>The second day will be dedicated to <strong>hands-on activities</strong>, giving participants the opportunity to work directly with <strong>LECO instrumentation</strong>, learn <strong>practical analytical workflows</strong>, and <strong>analyze their own samples</strong> with guidance from LECO application scientists.&nbsp;</p><p>Whether you are new to GC×GC or looking to expand its use in your research or organization, this workshop offers a unique opportunity to learn, explore, and apply the technology in a practical setting. Space is limited, so register early!</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Cal_State_LA_LECO_QUADJET_G_Cx_GC_coupled_to_Pegasus_BT_4_D_TOM_MS_in_the_Complex_Chemical_Composition_Analysis_Lab_C_AL_077a14ae34/Cal-State-LA-LECO-QUADJET-GCxGC-coupled-to-Pegasus-BT-4D-TOM-MS-in-the-Complex-Chemical-Composition-Analysis-Lab-(CAL).jpg" alt="Cal State LA: LECO QUADJET GCxGC coupled to Pegasus BT 4D TOM MS in the Complex Chemical Composition Analysis Lab (C³AL)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Cal_State_LA_LECO_QUADJET_G_Cx_GC_coupled_to_Pegasus_BT_4_D_TOM_MS_in_the_Complex_Chemical_Composition_Analysis_Lab_C_AL_077a14ae34/thumbnail_Cal-State-LA-LECO-QUADJET-GCxGC-coupled-to-Pegasus-BT-4D-TOM-MS-in-the-Complex-Chemical-Composition-Analysis-Lab-(CAL).jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1949" height="1299"></p>

LECO Separation Science Workshop

<div><div><section><div><div><div><div><div><div><p><strong>This study introduces a highly sensitive compound-specific isotope analysis method for identifying protein binders in aged paintings. Using direct inlet pyrolysis-GC-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (DIP-GC-C-IRMS), the method targets δ13C values of pyrolytic diketopiperazines and reduces the required sample size from milligrams to micrograms.</strong></p><p>Reference materials showed that diketopiperazine isotope signatures preserve the distinction between terrestrial and marine collagen sources. Analysis of two 16th-century Italian paintings yielded values consistent with terrestrial animal glue, demonstrating that these isotopic markers can survive aging and degradation and support minimally destructive analysis of cultural heritage objects.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/ancham/article/98/29/21183/5211080/Pyrolysis-Compound-Specific-Isotope-Analysis-of?searchresult=1"><strong>Pyrolysis Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis of Proteins in Aged Paintings: Diketopiperazine δ13C Values as Collagen Source Indicators&nbsp;</strong></a></h4><p>Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia* ; David A. Peggie; Iain P. Kendall; Ian D. Bull; Richard P. Evershed</p><p>Anal. Chem. (2026) 98 (29): 21183–21196.</p><p>&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c07901">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c07901</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><div><div><p>The complexities and challenges presented by the analysis of protein paint binders illustrate the need for novel methods of identification for these materials, in particular to distinguish between terrestrial and fish-animal glues. An alternative approach with great potential may be found in the neighboring field of archeology, where collagen in bones and teeth has been used as a palaeodietary indicator since the 1970s. Determination of bulk δ<sup>15</sup>N values may suggest the position of an organism in the respective food web, while δ<sup>13</sup>C values offer insight into their diet. (<a href="javascript:;">27−29</a>) Bulk δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N values of collagen are weighted averages of the δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N values of their constituent AAs, which reflect both dietary sources and metabolic processes. Serine, glycine, and alanine (Ser, Gly, and Ala) are part of the glucogenic AA group, which is biosynthesized from intermediates of glycolysis. As pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, considered the catabolic pathway of carbohydrates, the isotopic signature of these AAs should reflect that of dietary carbohydrates. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid (Asp and Glu), asparagine (Asn), and Pro are part of the ketogenic AA group, originating from intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Due to their TCA cycle precursors, the isotopic signature of these AAs should reflect that of the whole diet, if biosynthesized <i>de novo</i>. Finally, Hyp and hydroxylysine cannot be incorporated into proteins from the diet and are formed after the polypeptides are synthesized, during posttranslational processing of collagen. Hydroxylysine is formed from lysine (Lys), whereas Hyp results from hydroxylation of Pro residues. (<a href="javascript:;">30</a>) Moreover, AAs in the “trophic group“ tend to display a large enrichment in <sup>15</sup>N with increasing trophic level, unlike those belonging to the “source group.“</p></div><div><p>Significant limitations therefore surround the interpretation of bulk stable isotope ratios, which, however, may be overcome by compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). Individual AA δ<sup>13</sup>C values have proven invaluable for distinguishing terrestrial from marine diets of our ancestors, (<a href="javascript:;">30−35</a>) while AA δ<sup>15</sup>N values are being increasingly used in archeological trophic position studies. (<a href="javascript:;">36−39</a>) Despite the similarity in target material, CSIA has never been extended to the analysis of animal glue, or any other protein, in paintings. Reasons for this are likely linked to the sample sizes required for standard protocols for GC-combustion-isotope ratio MS (GC-C-IRMS), which, however, as illustrated by recent studies, (<a href="javascript:;">40−42</a>) may be significantly reduced by undertaking direct inlet pyrolysis (DIP)-GC-C-IRMS. Here, this technique is applied to the analysis of proteins of paintings, in particular by targeting, for the first time, the stable carbon isotope composition of DKPs, protein pyrolysates. Having confirmed that DKPs reflect the isotopic signature of their constituent AAs, DKP δ<sup>13</sup>C values may be used to distinguish terrestrial from aquatic animal glue in aged paintings.</p><h4><strong>Materials and Methods</strong></h4><h5><strong>Instrumental Analyses</strong></h5><div><p>For elemental analysis (EA)-IRMS, GC-FID, and GC-C-IRMS methods, please see SI1. All chromatograms were replotted in RStudio. DIP-GC-MS was carried out on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890A"><strong>Agilent Technologies 7890A GC</strong></a> coupled to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5975C"><strong>Agilent Technologies 5975C MSD</strong></a> (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), a single quadrupole MS. The GC was equipped with a nonpolar fused-silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d. × 0.25 μm film thickness) with a BPX5 stationary phase (5% phenyl polysilphenylene-siloxane, SGE) and a TSP in the multimode inlet (MMI), operated in splitless mode. The initial TSP temperature was 50 <span>°</span>C, set to rise to 450 <span>°</span>C (900 <span>°</span>C min<sup>–1</sup>, 3 min isothermal hold), before cooling to 250 <span>°</span>C (25 <span>°</span>C min<sup>–1</sup>, 40 min isothermal hold). The oven temperature began at 40 <span>°</span>C, was increased to 200 <span>°</span>C (10 <span>°</span>C min<sup>–1</sup>), and then to 310 <span>°</span>C (6 <span>°</span>C min<sup>–1</sup>) with a final hold time of 20 min. He was used as a carrier gas at a constant flow (1.2 mL min<sup>–1</sup>).</p></div><div><p>The MS was set to acquire in full scan mode (<i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 50–650) at 0.2 scan s<sup>–1</sup>, and was operated at an EI potential of 70 eV with a solvent delay of 6.5 min. The MS transfer line temperature was set to 280 <span>°</span>C, the ion source temperature to 230 <span>°</span>C, and the quadrupole to 150 <span>°</span>C. Data acquisition was undertaken using Agilent Technologies Chemstation, and data processing with Agilent Technologies MassHunter software (version 10.0) and the AMDIS deconvolution software (NIST, version 2.66). Peaks were identified using a combination of mass spectral information, GC retention times (RTs), and comparison to the NIST mass spectral library (Mass Spectral Search Program version 2.0 and NIST 08 MS Library), published data sets, and NG databases. An <i>n</i>-alkane “ladder“ (with a characteristic bell-shaped peak profile) standard, containing C<sub>7</sub>–C<sub>40</sub> saturated alkanes (0.01 mg mL<sup>–1</sup> in <i>n</i>-hexane), was used to monitor instrument performance.</p></div><div><p>DIP-GC-QTOF-MS analysis was carried out on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890B"><strong>Agilent Technologies 7890B GC</strong></a> coupled to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7200"><strong>Agilent Technologies 7200 Accurate Mass QTOF MS</strong></a> (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The same method was used, except that the MMI was held at 450 <span>°</span>C for 1 min only. The MS was set with an acquisition rate of 5 spectra s<sup>–1</sup>, an acquisition time of 200 ms spectrum<sup>–1</sup>, and an emission current of 2.1 μA. DIP-GC-C-IRMS analysis was carried out on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890"><strong>Agilent Technologies 8890 GC</strong></a> coupled to an <strong>Elementar isoprime precisION IRMS</strong> via an Elementar GC5 combustion interface, using a combustion reactor containing CuO pellets and Ag wool (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany), maintained at 850 <span>°</span>C. The GC parameters were identical to those for DIP-GC-MS, except that the MMI, after being held at 450 <span>°</span>C for 3 min, was cooled to 300 <span>°</span>C (900 <span>°</span>C min<sup>–1</sup>, isothermal hold for 50 min). Additionally, the oven program was typically shortened by setting a lower maximum temperature (280 <span>°</span>C instead of 310 <span>°</span>C), where it was held for 10 min. He was used as a carrier gas at a constant flow (2 mL min<sup>–1</sup>).</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div><h4><strong>Results and Discussion</strong></h4><h5><strong>Pyrolytic Marker Identification from DIP-GC-MS of Protein References</strong></h5><div><p>The thermal degradation of intact proteins has been shown to be a multistep reaction, (<a href="javascript:;">45</a>) where the formation of DKPs, occurring in the first degradation step (<i>T</i><sub>max</sub> = 325 <span>°</span>C), does not require high Py temperatures. (<a href="javascript:;">21</a>) Protein markers may therefore be detected through DIP-GC-MS, as testified by the analysis of a soapstone fragment from Qarmaaluit (18th–19th century CE). (<a href="javascript:;">46</a>) Nonetheless, given that this technique is not widely reported in the literature, modern protein references were analyzed by DIP-GC-MS, and pyrolytic profiles obtained were compared to published Py-GC-MS data. Studies have been undertaken with (<a href="javascript:;">22, 47, 48</a>) and without (<a href="javascript:;">22, 26</a>) TMAH, hence, both methods were carried out here. Results were scrutinized, in particular, to identify pyrolytic markers suitable for DIP-GC-C-IRMS analysis. Egg yolk, which presents a similar AA composition as egg white, was not examined, as its high fat content was deemed to interfere with the analysis.</p></div><div><p>In general, DIP-GC-MS analyses involving derivatization with TMAH, in particular for animal glues, featured many more compounds compared to the total ion chromatograms (TICs) obtained without derivatization (see <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/ancham/article-supplement/5211080/pdf/ac5c07901_si_001/">Figure S1</a> for G1, aged gelatin spread). In this case, GC-MS TICs exhibited better baseline separation with the most abundant peaks corresponding to the targeted DKPs. Further analysis of glue samples was therefore carried out without derivatization, as good baseline resolution is central to reliable compound-specific stable isotope determinations. (<a href="javascript:;">43</a>) Analysis of rabbit skin glues (GRS1 and GRS2) and isinglass glues (GI1 and GI2) yielded GC-MS TICs identical to each other. In accordance with the literature, (<a href="javascript:;">21, 22, 49</a>) as illustrated in <a href="javascript:;">Figure 1</a>a, they are dominated by peaks corresponding to diketodipyrrole (peak 8) and cyclo(Pro-Gly) (peak 10). Because of its relatively high polarity, or overloading, the latter produces a broad (fronting) peak. (<a href="javascript:;">50</a>)</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Anal_Chem_2026_98_29_21183_21196_Figure_1_Partial_DIP_GC_QTOF_MS_total_ion_chromatograms_TI_Cs_for_a_isinglass_GI_2_b_casein_C1_and_c_egg_white_EW_1_f4442d8498.jpg" alt="Anal. Chem. (2026) 98 (29): 21183–21196: Figure 1. Partial DIP-GC-QTOF-MS total ion chromatograms (TICs) for (a) isinglass, GI2, (b) casein, C1, and (c) egg white, EW1. Information on relevant DKPs (in purple) and other peaks (in pink) is listed in Table S1." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Anal_Chem_2026_98_29_21183_21196_Figure_1_Partial_DIP_GC_QTOF_MS_total_ion_chromatograms_TI_Cs_for_a_isinglass_GI_2_b_casein_C1_and_c_egg_white_EW_1_f4442d8498.jpg 127w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="1840"></p></div><h5><strong>DIP-GC-C-IRMS for Source Determination of Proteins in Paintings from The National Gallery</strong></h5><div><p>Ground layer samples from two Italian Renaissance paintings in the National Gallery collection, NG599 (Madonna of the Meadows) and NG6368 (Tanaquil), were analyzed by GC by White in the 1980s. (<a href="javascript:;">15</a>) The author reported AA profiles consistent with the presence of animal glues, which, for this purpose, would be expected to be of terrestrial origin. However, given the low proportion of Pro and Hyp in NG6368, White discussed a possible aquatic origin for this glue. Analysis was repeated with the aforementioned DIP techniques, revealing very similar profiles to those of the reference animal glues (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/ancham/article-supplement/5211080/pdf/ac5c07901_si_001/">Figure S6</a>). The protein binder in the ground layers of both paintings exhibited similar DKP stable carbon isotope signatures. In particular, δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>Pro-Gly</sub> values were determined to be −18.4‰ (±0.1) and −17.6‰ (±0.1) for NG599 and NG6368, respectively. The δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>Pro-Hyp</sub> values were found to equal −19.8‰ (±0.4) and −18.6‰ (±0.001), respectively.</p></div><div><p>It should be noted that the SD observed for these determinations is lower than what was reported for some of the reference binders discussed above. These errors are in line with those observed for standard GC-C-IRMS methods. As these paint fragments were in the form of very fine powder, typical of paint samples, these results support that sample inhomogeneities might be primarily responsible for wide SDs, rather than the DIP-GC-C-IRMS method itself. In the case of marine animal glues, more enriched δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>DKP</sub> values would be expected than those observed here, especially for cyclo(Pro-Gly). Instead, the determined δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>DKP</sub> values suggest a terrestrial origin for the glues in both paintings. Indeed, by plotting the values as described above, as shown in <a href="javascript:;">Figure 7</a>, both paintings fall extremely close to the reference rabbit skin glues. Hence, for NG599, these results are in agreement with the previous analysis by White (1984). However, regarding the origin of the binder from NG6368, these findings support a similar terrestrial origin, suggesting that a lower-than-average concentration of Pro and Hyp is not characteristic of fish glues.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Anal_Chem_2026_98_29_21183_21196_Figure_7_a_d13_C_Pro_Gly_values_for_the_ground_layers_from_paintings_NG_599_purple_star_and_NG_6368_pink_star_bb585e6957.jpg" alt="Anal. Chem. (2026) 98 (29): 21183–21196: Figure 7. (a) δ13CPro-Gly values for the ground layers from paintings NG599 (purple star) and NG6368 (pink star), against their δ13CPro-Hyp values. Modern references for marine (GI1 and GI2) and terrestrial (GRS1 and GRS2) animal glues are in gray. (b) Corresponding Δ13C(Pro-Gly)–(Pro-Hyp) values against their δ13CPro-Gly values. The error bars represent the SD on either side (±) of the value. The δ13C values have been corrected to take into account post-Industrial Revolution effects of burning fossil fuels by the addition of 1.2‰. (68) Instrumental precision was 0.3‰." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Anal_Chem_2026_98_29_21183_21196_Figure_7_a_d13_C_Pro_Gly_values_for_the_ground_layers_from_paintings_NG_599_purple_star_and_NG_6368_pink_star_bb585e6957.jpg 72w," sizes="100vw" width="625" height="1349"></p><p>Although a wider range of reference material needs to be analyzed before this method may be reliably used, these results indicate that DIP-GC-C-IRMS is able to differentiate between terrestrial and marine animal glues in painting samples. Given the challenges currently faced by this field to differentiate fish glues from other animal glues, this innovative technique might enable new information to be gathered on artist techniques and the history of use of these materials. It is important to note that the method can be applied to many other fields of research. In addition to painting analysis, this minimally invasive protocol is pertinent to any discipline that involves the analysis of degraded proteins, heterogeneous and complex matrices, or where access to samples is restricted due to ethical implications or lack of material. This includes environmental and forensic sciences, paleo- and zooarcheology, paleoecology, and anthropology.</p></div><h4><strong>Conclusions</strong></h4><div><p>Aged proteins encountered in painted cultural heritage have usually undergone extreme structural changes from the freshly applied material, often rendering unambiguous protein source determination unattainable. In particular, the distinction between terrestrial and aquatic animal glues is typically not possible without proteomics approaches. Nonetheless, this paper demonstrates that, with minimal sample sizes, DIP-GC-C-IRMS permits determination of δ<sup>13</sup>C values of DKPs arising from pyrolysis of aged proteinaceous material, providing the first record of the isotopic signature of these compounds. In this study, δ<sup>13</sup>C values of DKPs were shown to reflect the δ<sup>13</sup>C values of the parent AAs and, therefore, to permit unambiguous differentiation between terrestrial and marine animal glues, analogous to the use of CSIA of archeological collagen for palaeodietary reconstruction.</p></div><div><p>Remarkably, DIP-GC-C-IRMS, requiring a considerably smaller sample (in the microgram range) than typical GC-C-IRMS methods (in the milligram range), renders CSIA accessible for the investigation of proteinaceous material in painted cultural heritage for the first time. This widens the application of CSIA to precious, unique, and fragile objects in cultural heritage and beyond. Moreover, the rapidity of the analysis places DIP-GC-C-IRMS as a useful screening method to identify materials of interest for further proteomic analyses.</p></div><div><p>First, the isotopic imprint of modern references for rabbit skin glues, isinglass glues, casein, chicken, and duck eggs was confirmed through established EA-IRMS and GC-C-IRMS methods. As expected, bulk and individual AA δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N values for terrestrial animal glues exhibited a higher depletion in <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N than the marine glues. The δ<sup>13</sup>C values of DKPs arising from DIP-GC-C-IRMS of the same materials were found to retain this relationship. Furthermore, the ground layers of two 16th-century Italian paintings from the National Gallery collection, known to contain animal glue, yielded δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>DKP</sub> values consistent with the terrestrial variety, confirming that the isotopic signature of these compounds is retained through aging and degradation.</p></div>

Pyrolysis Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis of Proteins in Aged Paintings: Diketopiperazine δ13C Values as Collagen Source Indicators

<p><strong>In the week of August 17, the following webinars await you in the field of gas / solid phase and especially Raman, FTIR, GC and GC/MS.</strong></p><blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinars"><strong>👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</strong></a></h4><p><strong>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database</strong> with over <strong>5 500 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars</strong>.</p></blockquote><h5><strong>1. LECO: Breathomics: Advancing Personalized Medicine Through Next-Generation Analytical Solutions</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 19.8.2026 14:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6407">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Advance personalized medicine with breathomics. Learn how GCxGC-MS profiling of VOCs drives non-invasive biomarker discovery.</p><h5><strong>2. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Future-Proofing Emerging Contaminants in Food Analysis</strong></h5><ul><li>Th, 20.8.2026 08:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/6445">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Prepare your laboratory for evolving PFAS regulations in food contact materials and seafood. Discover advanced HRMS data workflows and join a live panel discussion with industry experts.</p>

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Linde Helium Mixture (40% H₂ in He) – Gas Cylinder

Linde 40% H₂ in He gas mixture for GC and analytical applications. Stable, high-performance carrier gas for laboratory workflows.

<p><strong>The helium mixture (40% hydrogen in helium) from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a specialty gas blend designed primarily for analytical and laboratory applications.</strong></p><p>The mixture is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and classified as an asphyxiant. The combination of helium and hydrogen provides advantageous physical properties such as high thermal conductivity and low viscosity, supporting stable and efficient operation of analytical systems.</p><p>It is commonly used as a carrier or working gas in analytical techniques where optimized separation performance and signal stability are required.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>40% hydrogen in helium mixture</li><li>Colorless and odorless</li><li>Non-toxic, asphyxiant gas</li><li>High thermal conductivity</li><li>Stable composition</li><li>Suitable for analytical applications</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Composition:</strong> 40% hydrogen (H₂), 60% helium (He)</li><li><strong>Gas type:</strong> gas mixture</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized cylinder<ul><li>10 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (200 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Analytical chemistry</li><li>Gas chromatography (GC)</li><li>Laboratory measurements</li><li>Calibration and working gas</li><li>Research and development</li></ul>

Linde Helium/Nitrogen Mixture (10% He in N₂) – Gas Cylinder

Linde 10% He in N₂ gas mixture for leak detection. Safe, non-flammable, and stable gas for industrial and laboratory testing.

<p><strong>The helium/nitrogen mixture (10% helium in nitrogen) from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a specialty gas designed primarily for leak detection applications in industrial and laboratory environments.</strong></p><p>The mixture is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and non-flammable, but classified as an asphyxiant. The helium component enables highly sensitive leak detection using helium leak detectors due to its low molecular weight and high diffusivity, while nitrogen acts as an inert carrier gas.</p><p>Its stable composition and safe handling characteristics make it suitable for both routine and demanding leak testing applications across various industries.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>10% helium / 90% nitrogen mixture</li><li>Colorless and odorless</li><li>Non-toxic and non-flammable</li><li>Asphyxiant gas</li><li>Ideal for leak detection</li><li>Stable and consistent composition</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Composition:</strong> 10% helium (He), 90% nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Gas type:</strong> gas mixture</li><li><strong>Cylinder pressure:</strong> up to 300 bar</li><li><strong>Cylinder volume:</strong> 12 L (SV 12LH)</li><li><strong>Safety classification:</strong> H280 – contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Leak detection testing</li><li>Industrial processes</li><li>Manufacturing quality control</li><li>Laboratory testing</li><li>Maintenance and diagnostics</li></ul>

Linde Helium/Nitrogen Mixture (50% He in N₂) – Gas Cylinder

Linde 50% He in N₂ gas mixture for analytical and testing applications. Stable, non-flammable gas for laboratory and industrial use.

<p><strong>The helium/nitrogen mixture (50% helium in nitrogen) from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a versatile gas blend designed for analytical, laboratory, and industrial applications.</strong></p><p>This mixture is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and non-flammable. The combination of helium and nitrogen provides balanced physical properties, making it suitable for both analytical purposes and testing, calibration, or process applications.</p><p>The higher helium content compared to standard mixtures enhances detection sensitivity in leak testing and expands its applicability in analytical workflows where stability and reproducibility are essential.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>50% helium / 50% nitrogen mixture</li><li>Colorless and odorless</li><li>Non-toxic and non-flammable</li><li>Balanced physical properties</li><li>Suitable for analytical and industrial use</li><li>Stable composition</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Composition:</strong> 50% helium (He), 50% nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Gas type:</strong> gas mixture</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized gas cylinder<ul><li>50 l (200 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Analytical chemistry</li><li>Gas chromatography (specific applications)</li><li>Leak detection</li><li>Calibration gases</li><li>Laboratory testing</li><li>Industrial processes</li></ul>

Linde Nitrogen 5.0 – Gas Cylinder

Linde Nitrogen 5.0 (≥99.999%) for analytics, industry, and electronics. High-purity inert gas for purging, protection, and calibration.

<p><strong>Nitrogen 5.0 from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a high-purity inert gas with a purity of ≥ 99.999%, designed for a wide range of industrial, analytical, and technological applications.</strong></p><p>Due to its chemical inertness and high purity, it is ideal as a protective, purge, and carrier gas in demanding processes where oxidation and contamination must be prevented. Nitrogen 5.0 is also widely used as a zero gas in analytical instrumentation, enabling precise baseline calibration.</p><p>Its versatility makes it suitable for applications in metallurgy, chemical processing, food production, electronics, and semiconductor manufacturing.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>High purity ≥ 99.999% (5.0 grade)</li><li>Chemically inert gas</li><li>Suitable for protective atmospheres</li><li>Stable performance in analytical applications</li><li>Versatile use across industries</li><li>Supplied in pressurized cylinders</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Gas:</strong> nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Purity:</strong> ≥ 99.999% (5.0 grade)</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized gas cylinder<ul><li>10 L (200 bar)</li><li>20 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (300 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Protective and purge gas in metallurgy and metal processing</li><li>Chemical, food, and electronics industries</li><li>Carrier and protective gas in semiconductor manufacturing</li><li>Cutting gas for laser and plasma cutting (e.g., stainless steel)</li><li>Zero gas in analytical and measurement systems</li></ul>

Linde Nitrogen 5.6 – Gas Cylinder

Linde Nitrogen 5.6 (≥99.9996%) for GC, analytics, and industry. Ultra-high purity gas for purging, protection, and carrier applications.

<p>Nitrogen 5.6 from <span>Linde</span> is an ultra-high purity inert gas with a purity of ≥ 99.9996%, designed for demanding analytical, industrial, and research applications.</p><p>Its extremely low impurity levels make it particularly suitable for gas chromatography and other analytical techniques where baseline stability and minimal interference are critical. Nitrogen 5.6 is also widely used as a protective, purge, and carrier gas in processes requiring reliable contamination control.</p><p>Its versatility enables use across multiple industries as well as in advanced scientific research.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Ultra-high purity ≥ 99.9996% (5.6 grade)</li><li>Extremely low impurity levels</li><li>Chemically inert gas</li><li>Suitable for analytical applications (GC)</li><li>Stable and reproducible performance</li><li>Broad industrial and laboratory use</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Gas:</strong> nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Purity:</strong> ≥ 99.9996% (5.6 grade)</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized gas cylinder<ul><li>10 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (200 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Protective and purge gas in metallurgy and metal processing</li><li>Chemical, food, and electronics industries</li><li>Carrier and protective gas in semiconductor manufacturing</li><li>Zero gas for analytical instruments</li><li>Purging gas in extrusion and system flushing</li><li>Carrier gas in gas chromatography (GC)</li><li>Cooling applications (e.g., shrink fitting)</li><li>Plastics processing</li><li>Construction and food industry</li><li>Biology, medicine, and research</li></ul>

Linde Nitrogen 4.6 – Gas Cylinder

Linde Nitrogen 4.6 (≥99.996%) for industry and analytics. Reliable inert gas for purging, protection, and calibration.

<p><strong>Nitrogen 4.6 from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a high-purity inert gas with a purity of ≥ 99.996%, suitable for a wide range of industrial and analytical applications.</strong></p><p>Due to its chemical inertness, it is widely used as a protective and purge gas in processes where oxidation or contamination must be prevented. Nitrogen 4.6 is also suitable as a zero gas in analytical instrumentation, providing stable baseline conditions for accurate measurements.</p><p>In industrial environments, it is commonly used as a cutting gas for laser and plasma cutting of standard materials.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Purity ≥ 99.996% (4.6 grade)</li><li>Chemically inert gas</li><li>Suitable for protective atmospheres</li><li>Stable performance in analytical applications</li><li>Versatile industrial use</li><li>Supplied in pressurized cylinders</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Gas:</strong> nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Purity:</strong> ≥ 99.996% (4.6 grade)</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized gas cylinder<ul><li>20 l (200 bar)</li><li>50 l (200 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Protective and purge gas in metallurgy and metal processing</li><li>Chemical, food, and electronics industries</li><li>Carrier and protective gas in semiconductor manufacturing</li><li>Laser and plasma cutting gas</li><li>Zero gas for analytical and measurement systems</li></ul>

Linde Nitrogen 4.0 – Gas Cylinder

Linde Nitrogen 4.0 (≥99.99%) for industrial applications. Reliable inert gas for purging, protection, and cooling.

<p><strong>Nitrogen 4.0 from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a technically pure inert gas with a purity of ≥ 99.99%, designed for a wide range of industrial and technological applications.</strong></p><p>Due to its chemical inertness, it is widely used as a protective and purging gas in processes where oxidation or unwanted reactions must be prevented. Nitrogen 4.0 is also suitable as a universal cooling medium and is applied across various industrial and research processes.</p><p>Its robust and versatile performance makes it a cost-effective solution for applications where ultra-high purity is not required.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Purity ≥ 99.99% (4.0 grade)</li><li>Chemically inert gas</li><li>Suitable for protective and purging applications</li><li>Versatile industrial use</li><li>Suitable as a cooling medium</li><li>Cost-effective solution</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Gas:</strong> nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Purity:</strong> ≥ 99.99% (4.0 grade)</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized gas cylinder<ul><li>10 L (200 bar)</li><li>20 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (300 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Protective gas in metallurgical, chemical, food, and electrochemical industries</li><li>Purging gas for pipes and tanks</li><li>Cooling applications (e.g., shrink fitting, plastics processing)</li><li>Construction, food industry, biology, and medicine</li><li>Welding applications (root protection and oxidation prevention)</li></ul>

Linde Nitrogen 5.3 – Gas Cylinder

Linde Nitrogen 5.3 (≥99.999%) for GC, analytics, and industry. High-purity inert gas for purging, protection, and carrier applications.

<p><strong>Nitrogen 5.3 from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a high-purity inert gas with a purity of ≥ 99.999%, suitable for demanding analytical, industrial, and research applications.</strong></p><p>Its low impurity levels make it ideal as a carrier gas in gas chromatography and as a working gas for analytical instruments. It is also widely used as a protective, purge, and flushing gas in processes requiring a stable inert environment with minimal contamination risk.</p><p>Nitrogen 5.3 offers an optimal balance between high purity and cost efficiency for a wide range of applications.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>High purity ≥ 99.999% (5.3 grade)</li><li>Low trace impurity levels</li><li>Chemically inert gas</li><li>Suitable for analytical applications (GC)</li><li>Stable and reproducible performance</li><li>Versatile industrial and laboratory use</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Gas:</strong> nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Purity:</strong> ≥ 99.999% (5.3 grade)</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized gas cylinder<ul><li>50 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (300 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Protective and purge gas in metallurgy and metal processing</li><li>Chemical, food, and electronics industries</li><li>Carrier and protective gas in semiconductor manufacturing</li><li>Zero gas for analytical instruments</li><li>Flushing gas for industrial systems</li><li>Carrier gas in gas chromatography (GC)</li><li>Cooling applications (e.g., shrink fitting)</li><li>Plastics processing</li><li>Construction and food industry</li><li>Biology, medicine, and research</li></ul>

Linde Nitrogen 6.0 – Gas Cylinder

Linde Nitrogen 6.0 (≥99.9999%) for GC, semiconductors, and research. Ultra-high purity inert gas for demanding analytical and industrial applications.

<p><strong>Nitrogen 6.0 from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is an ultra-high purity inert gas with a purity of ≥ 99.9999%, designed for the most demanding analytical, laboratory, and industrial applications.</strong></p><p>Its extremely low level of trace impurities makes it ideal for high-sensitivity analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, as well as for semiconductor manufacturing and advanced research. It ensures maximum stability, minimal contamination, and excellent reproducibility.</p><p>Nitrogen 6.0 is the preferred choice wherever gas purity is critical and precise control of process conditions is required.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Ultra-high purity ≥ 99.9999% (6.0 grade)</li><li>Extremely low trace impurity levels</li><li>Chemically inert gas</li><li>Ideal for analytical and semiconductor applications</li><li>High stability and reproducibility</li><li>Suitable for high-end applications</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Gas:</strong> nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Purity:</strong> ≥ 99.9999% (6.0 grade)</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> pressurized gas cylinder<ul><li>10 l (200 bar)</li><li>50 l (200 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Protective and purge gas in metallurgy and metal processing</li><li>Chemical, food, and electronics industries</li><li>Carrier and protective gas in semiconductor manufacturing</li><li>Zero gas for analytical instruments</li><li>Flushing gas for industrial systems</li><li>Carrier gas in gas chromatography (GC)</li><li>Cooling applications (e.g., shrink fitting)</li><li>Plastics processing</li><li>Construction and food industry</li><li>Biology, medicine, and research</li></ul>

Linde Food Grade Nitrogen – Gas Cylinder

Food grade nitrogen from Linde for MAP packaging, inerting, and food protection. Prevents oxidation and extends product shelf life.

<p><strong>Food grade nitrogen from </strong><span><strong>Linde</strong></span><strong> is a high-purity inert gas designed for use in the food and beverage industry. It complies with all relevant regulations for food-contact applications.</strong></p><p>Nitrogen is primarily used to displace oxygen, preventing oxidation, microbial growth, and product degradation. Its inert nature helps extend shelf life while preserving product quality, taste, and appearance.</p><p>It is suitable for a wide range of applications, including modified atmosphere packaging and beverage inerting.</p><h4><span><strong>Key Features</strong></span></h4><ul><li>Food-grade quality compliant with regulations</li><li>Inert gas with no impact on taste or odor</li><li>Prevents oxidation and microbial growth</li><li>Extends shelf life of products</li><li>Suitable for MAP packaging and inerting</li><li>Colorless and odorless</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></span></h4><ul><li><strong>Gas:</strong> nitrogen (N₂)</li><li><strong>Grade:</strong> food grade</li><li><strong>Supply form:</strong> gas cylinder<ul><li>20 L (200 bar)</li><li>50 L (200 bar)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Applications</strong></span></h4><h5><strong>Food Industry:</strong></h5><ul><li>Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)</li><li>Oxygen displacement during packaging</li><li>Storage of oils and fats to prevent oxidation</li><li>Cryogenic cooling and freezing (liquid nitrogen)</li></ul><h5><strong>Beverage Industry:</strong></h5><ul><li>Inerting of beverages and equipment</li><li>Wine preservation and storage</li><li>Shelf-life extension of beverages</li></ul>

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