Applications of FTIR Throughout the Lithium Ion Battery Life Cycle

Significance of the Topic

The rapid expansion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has elevated the importance of reliable, on-site material analysis to ensure product quality, performance, and safety across the battery life cycle. Handheld FTIR spectroscopy allows real-time chemical identification and quality control in mining, manufacturing, usage, and recycling phases, supporting sustainable development and cost efficiency.

Study Objectives and Overview

This application brief explores the deployment of an Agilent 4300 handheld FTIR spectrometer for in situ analysis of key materials in the LIB value chain, from raw ore verification to end-of-life recycling. The goal is to demonstrate how portable FTIR can streamline processes and enhance spectral assurance at each stage.

Methodology and Used Instrumentation

The study employs the Agilent 4300 handheld FTIR equipped with six interchangeable sampling interfaces: diamond ATR, germanium ATR, specular reflectance, grazing angle reflectance, diffuse reflectance, and transmission. Each interface is selected based on sample type, enabling direct, non-destructive analysis with minimal or no sample preparation.

Main Results and Discussion

Using the 4300 FTIR, raw materials such as lithium compounds, rare earth ores, and petrochemical feedstocks are accurately identified and qualified. Midstream analyses include examination of cathode materials (e.g., LFP, LCO, LMO, NMC, LTO), electrolytes, separators (polymeric films), anode formulations, current collectors, and housing materials. Downstream evaluations cover integrated battery assemblies in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, consumer electronics, aerospace, and medical tools. In recycling applications, the spectrometer facilitates mineral recovery and polymer separation. The data confirm that all targeted compounds exhibit characteristic IR-active functional groups that are readily detected by handheld FTIR.

Benefits and Practical Applications

• Rapid, on-site material ID for QA/QC and supply chain verification
• Non-destructive analysis supports sample integrity
• Versatile interfaces accommodate diverse sample matrices
• Reduced laboratory bottlenecks and lower operational costs
• Support for R&D workflows and ageing studies of new battery materials

Future Trends and Potential Applications

Emerging LIB chemistries and recycling technologies will drive further demand for portable FTIR solutions. Integration with digital data platforms and AI-driven spectral libraries will enhance predictive maintenance, automated quality inspection, and rapid decision-making in battery manufacturing and end-of-life management.

Conclusion

The Agilent 4300 handheld FTIR spectrometer proves to be a versatile, reliable tool for comprehensive LIB material analysis throughout the battery life cycle. Its portability and interface flexibility enable real-time, non-destructive testing that supports quality assurance, research and development, and sustainable recycling initiatives.

References

Agilent Technologies, Inc. Applications of FTIR Throughout the Lithium Ion Battery Life Cycle. August 16 2023.