When performing analyte extraction with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=136&amp;manufacturerItems=50">SPE</a> we expect 100% recovery. If recovery is lower, this would suggest there is an issue with retrieval of the analyte from the sorbent. But what are some of the reasons you may see a recovery greater than what you were expecting (or over 100%)?<h3>Common problems</h3><ul><li>Co-eluting interferences</li><li>Contaminants from the solvent or sorbents selected</li><li>Internal standard is compromised making your reference point inaccurate</li><li>Recovery calculations are inaccurate</li></ul>Let's examine each of these common problems.<h4>Co-eluting interferences</h4>These are typically present in the matrix and the goal of the SPE step is to remove them. If you are experiencing recoveries greater than 100%, the first step would be to check the eluent using an orthogonal analytical technique to identify that the increased recovery is a result of a co-elution.&nbsp;Where a co-elution is identified, there are a few possible solutions.<ol><li>Modify the wash steps of the SPE method to selectively remove the impurity during washing</li><li>Select an alternative SPE sorbent which will better remove these impurities. This is easier if the analyte / impurity can be selectively ionized, as an ion-exchange sorbent will very often afford cleaner extracts than either reversed or normal phase solutions</li><li>Adjust your analytical method to resolve the 2 peaks analytically, negating the necessity to remove this impurity during the SPE step.</li><li>Run a blank plasma sample; this will allow you to ascertain the impurities present and use this blank in the calculations to subtract from your recovery</li></ol><h4>Contaminants from the solvent or sorbent</h4>These will typically be impurities present in the starting materials which are similar in nature to your compound of interest, and as a result co-elute with it during SPE and subsequent analytical analysis. You can follow the steps above to remove co-eluting impurities, or alternatively as this is not an impurity present in your matrix, you can identify the level present in the sorbent using blank runs and subtract this from your main peak during the calculation. Prior to addition of your sample if you equilibrate your sorbent with the elution solvent this should flush out potential contaminants from the sorbent. For impurities introduced from the solvent, typically switching the solvent should resolve this.<h4>Internal standard is compromised</h4>If your internal standard is not showing 100% recovery, your subsequent calculations will be inaccurate. It is always good practice to use an internal standard similar in nature to your compound of interest as this will give the more consistent reference point for your method.&nbsp;If there is concern your internal standard is not showing good recovery from the SPE material using your method, you can use an external standard which is added to the elution solvent to calculate absolute recovery.<h4>Recovery calculations are inaccurate</h4>It is important to follow this step wise to ascertain where the errors are appearing.<ol><li>Calculation Errors - Check all calculations and account for all dilution factors</li><li>Integration Errors - Reintegrate all peaks and use manual calculations to confirm</li><li>Analytical method errors – Ensure the analytical method used allows correct integration and calculation. Ensure no strong solvents are used for injection and run a calibration across a number of dilutions to ensure linearity. Troubleshoot your analytical method to determine any factors which may lead to poor reproducibility</li><li>Ensure detections selected are appropriate and working correctly.</li></ol>We hope this tip was useful! Check out our resources on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/techniques/solid-phase-extraction">solid phase extraction</a>. See you next month for another tip!

Why are my recoveries greater than 100%?

<h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.isc2026.org/">ABOUT ISC 2026</a></h3>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/companies/314">International Symposium on Chromatography (ISC)</a> represents the oldest conference series on separation science. ISC symposia have been organised since 1956 in each even year. ISC is one of the premier meetings series for discussion of all modes of chromatography and separation science with a broad coverage of techniques and applications.The major focus of the symposium will be on the impact of chromatography and separation science to meet the needs of the pharmaceutical, environmental, food and health industry, as well as science and medicine. The symposium programme will reflect these themes and highlight new challenges and emerging opportunities for the science and marketing of separation and detection systems and methods.As an integral part of the scientific programme of lectures and poster sessions, an international exhibition and vendor seminars on instrumentation and services for chromatography, separation science and mass spectrometry will be organised. ISC 2026 will provide the perfect forum for attendees from academia, industry and government research institutions for scientific exchange and networking.<h3>ISC 2026 SYMPOSIUM KEY DATES</h3><h4>6-10 SEPTEMBER 2026</h4><ul><li>15 January 2026: Opening of Early-bird Registration &amp; Abstract submission</li><li>11 March 2026: Deadline for abstract submission (orals)</li><li>21 April 2026: Sending acceptance letters (orals)</li><li>15 May 2026: Deadline of early-bird registration and payment &amp; Author registration deadline (orals)</li><li>1 June 2026: Preliminary detailed program on web</li><li>1 June 2026: Deadline for abstract submission (posters)</li><li>16 June 2026: Sending acceptance letters (posters)<ul><li>Authors who submit their abstracts with a poster preference by 5 May 2026 will be notified of the outcome by 12 May 2026 and will have the opportunity to register at the early-bird rate until 15 May 2026.</li></ul></li><li>30 June 2026: Author registration deadline (posters)</li><li>30 July 2026: Deadline for abstract submission (late-breaking posters)<ul><li>without the possibility of competing for the Best Poster Award</li></ul></li><li>11 August 2026: Sending acceptance letters (late-breaking posters)</li><li>18 August 2026: Author registration deadline (late-breaking posters)</li><li>25 August 2026: Deadline for late registration &amp; payment&nbsp;</li><li>6-10 September 2026: Symposium</li></ul><h3>REGISTRATION</h3><blockquote>👉<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.czech-in.org/cmPortalV15/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2FcmPortalV15%2FPortal%2FISC26%2Fnormal">Register HERE for the ISC 2026</a></blockquote><h4>REGISTRATION FEES in EUR including VAT&nbsp;</h4><h5>Early-Bird Registration (until 15 May 2026)</h5><ul><li>Industry: 850</li><li>Academic, Government: 650</li><li>Student*: 290</li><li>Student* + 3 short courses: 390</li><li>Short Courses**: 190</li><li>Accompanying Persons: 190</li><li>Gala Dinner: 100</li></ul><h5>Late Registration</h5><ul><li>Industry: 1,000</li><li>Academic, Government: 780</li><li>Student*: 340</li><li>Student* + 3 short courses: -</li><li>Short Courses**: 230</li><li>Accompanying Persons: 190</li><li>Gala Dinner: 100</li></ul><h5>Onsite Registration</h5><ul><li>Industry: 1,150</li><li>Academic, Government: 890</li><li>Student*: 390</li><li>Student* + 3 short courses: -</li><li>Short Courses**: 270</li><li>Accompanying Persons: 190</li><li>Gala Dinner: 100</li></ul>*The student fee applies only to full-time students. This does not include individuals who are employed and pursuing a PhD or other degree part-time. Participants registering under this category are required to upload a valid proof of full time student status (e.g., confirmation from the university or a student ID) directly in the registration form.**The price covers up to 3 short courses for a single flat rate.All the above fees are in EUR and include a local VAT of 21 %.FULL REGISTRATION FEES INCLUDE:&nbsp;<ul><li>Access to oral and poster sessions&nbsp;</li><li>Access to the exhibition hall&nbsp;</li><li>Welcome Reception on Sunday, 6 September 2026&nbsp;</li><li>Scheduled lunches and coffee breaks as per the programme&nbsp;</li><li>Electronic Book of Abstracts&nbsp;</li><li>Prague public transportation pass&nbsp;</li></ul>ACCOMPANYING PERSON FEES INCLUDE:&nbsp;<ul><li>Access to the exhibition hall&nbsp;</li><li>Welcome Reception on Sunday, 6 September 2026&nbsp;</li><li>Scheduled lunches and coffee breaks as per the programme&nbsp;</li></ul>The accompanying persons do not have access to the scientific programme.&nbsp;<h3>ABSTRACT SUBMISSION</h3><blockquote>👉<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.czech-in.org/cmPortalV15/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2FcmPortalV15%2FPortal%2FISC26%2Fnormal">Submit your Abstract HERE</a></blockquote><h4>GENERAL INFORMATION &amp; DEADLINES&nbsp;</h4><ul><li>Abstracts must be submitted electronically via the Online Portal. The abstract submission deadlines depend on the authors’ presentation preference and are as follows:<ul><li>Oral Presentation: 11 March 2026</li><li>Poster Presentation: 1 June 2026</li><li>Late-Breaking Poster: 30 July 2026</li></ul></li></ul>The submitted abstracts can be modified until 11 March 2026 for oral presentations and 1 June 2026 for poster presentations to be included in the preliminary program. After the submission deadlines, all abstracts will automatically be considered final.Abstracts received by e-mail or after the deadlines will not be considered for the ISC 2026 Symposium.<ul><li>Abstracts must be submitted under one of the designated scientific topics, categorized into three parallel program tracks.</li><li>The abstracts with oral presentation preference will be reviewed by the ISC 2026 Scientific Committee, which will assess both their formal aspects and scientific content. The abstracts with poster preference will be reviewed by the Local Organising Committee, which will decide which abstracts are accepted and may reconsider the final presentation type if necessary.</li><li>All presenting authors who selected the oral presentation preference will receive an acceptance or rejection notification via e-mail by 21 April 2026. Authors who submit their abstracts with a poster preference by 5 May 2026 will be notified of the outcome by 12 May 2026 and will have the opportunity to register at the early-bird rate until 15 May 2026.&nbsp; All the other abstracts with poster preference submitted after 5 May 2026 will be notified of the outcome by 16 June 2026, and by 11 August 2026 for late-breaking poster presentations.</li><li>Accepted and registered abstracts will be published in the Abstract Book. Please ensure that your abstract has been carefully checked for correct spelling, punctuation, grammar, and formal structure. Authors are fully responsible for the abstract content. The organizer reserves the right to edit the accepted abstracts prior to publication if necessary. Please note that late-breaking posters will not be included in the electronic Abstract Book.</li><li>All oral presenting authors are required to register by 15 May 2026. Any oral presentation whose presenting author is not registered by this date will be withdrawn from the program. The author registration deadline is 30 June 2026 for accepted poster authors and 18 August 2026 for accepted late-breaking poster authors.</li><li>The number of abstracts submitted per presenting author is limited to one. Once the submission is completed, the system will not allow additional abstracts to be submitted. You may be listed as a co-author on other abstracts but not as the presenting author.</li><li>Submission of an abstract constitutes a commitment to attend the symposium or to send a qualified substitute who is capable of presenting the work and answering related questions.</li><li>An invitation to submit an abstract does not constitute an offer to cover travel, accommodation, or registration expenses associated with the symposium.</li></ul><h4>ABSTRACT FORMATTING GUIDELINES</h4><ul><li>All abstracts must be written in English.</li><li>A preferred presentation type must be selected during submission from the following options:<ul><li>Oral Presentation</li><li>Oral Presentation or Poster Presentation</li><li>Poster Presentation</li></ul></li><li>The abstract title is limited to 180 characters and must use Sentence case – capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns, while keeping all other words in lowercase (e.g., This is the title of my abstract).</li><li>Up to 16 authors may be listed for one abstract (including the presenting author).</li><li>The first author listed is considered the main author.</li><li>The abstract text must not exceed 400 words.</li><li>Figures or images are not permitted in the abstract text.</li><li>Adding references is optional. If you wish to include references in your abstract, please note that they count toward the abstract word limit, and you are requested to use the following citation style (see example):<ul><li>[1] J. van der Geer, T. Handgraaf, R.A. Lupton, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2020) 51 – 59.</li></ul></li></ul><h3>Destination</h3><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.isc2026.org/czech-republic/">THE CZECH REPUBLIC</a></h4>The Czech Republic is a rather small but charming country situated in the very heart of Europe. Since medieval times it has been a crossroad of intellectual, artistic and culinary influences but also a centre of conflicts.The official language is Czech. It is very similar to Slovak and Polish. They all belong to the group of West Slavic languages. Czech is a particularly difficult language to learn, since the endings of words change due to many different grammar rules.<h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.isc2026.org/prague-2/">PRAGUE</a></h4>The capital city of the Czech Republic is poetically considered to be the heart of the European continent. The history is deeply rooted in every building and you can feel the cultural spirit in every step. Different architectural styles have been preserved throughout the wars and years of the communist era so the visitors may compose their own image of Prague. With the Prague Castle, the largest castle complex in the world on one side, facing the Dancing House representing the contemporary architectural tendencies on the other side, visitors can appreciate the centuries of history embedded in the buildings. Prague is not only a city of historical monuments, but also a city for living, where culture is an integral part of things. It is not surprising to find that it has been a source of inspiration for famous Prague residents and personalities, such as Einstein, Kafka, Mozart, van Beethoven.At the same time, growing since the Velvet Revolution, Prague, the meeting point of Eastern and Western Europe has quickly become a site to host multiple scientific conferences and cultural events. The same goes for movie makers who just love coming to Prague and making it the scene of their movies. You may have seen Prague in motion pictures such as The Bourne Identity (2002), The Illusionist (2006), Casino Royale (2006), Mission: Impossible (1996), and Amadeus (1984).<h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.isc2026.org/venue/">VENUE</a></h4>PRAGUE – A ONE STOP SOLUTIONWith all of the key requirements in one reconstructed building and just 5 minutes to the city centre using the complimentary public transport ticket, Prague provides a fantastically convenient solution for all ISC delegates.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ISC_2026_Prague_Congress_Centre_PCC_c325e20e9a.jpg" alt="ISC 2026: Prague Congress Centre" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ISC_2026_Prague_Congress_Centre_PCC_c325e20e9a.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="1000">

ISC 2026 - Registration and Abstract Submission Open!

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 19th January 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, BaySpec and Metrohm!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Micro GC Analysis of Permanent Gas Impurities in PEM Fuel Cell-Grade Hydrogen</h3>According to SAE J2719, ISO 14687, EN 17124, and ISO 19880-8<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_micro_gc_analysis_gas_impurities_pem_fuel_5994_8830en_agilent_a5dca09e4b.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Quality requirements for hydrogen purity vary with application. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell hydrogen is the application with the most stringent specification. Hydrogen purity specifications for other applications, i.e. residential or industrial use, typically allow for higher levels of specific&nbsp;contaminants.&nbsp;For PEM fuel cell-grade hydrogen, there are several key methods regulating quality. Some methods may also cover other scopes, but where they pertain to PEM fuel cell-grade hydrogen, they align on specific requirements for purity level and limit concentrations of specific contaminants.&nbsp;<ul><li>SAE J2719 specifies hydrogen fuel quality requirements for PEM fuel cell vehicles, such as hydrogen-powered cars.&nbsp;</li><li>ISO 14687 specifies minimum quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel for various applications, including residential, commercial, industrial, stationary systems, and vehicular use.&nbsp;</li><li>EN 17124 specifies the quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel dispensed at hydrogen refueling stations for use in PEM fuel cell vehicle systems.</li><li>ISO 19880-8 specifies the quality of the gaseous hydrogen at hydrogen distribution facilities and hydrogen fueling stations for PEM fuel cells for road vehicles.&nbsp;</li></ul>Micro GC is a suitable choice of technique for covering analysis of permanent gases in ultra high purity (UHP) hydrogen (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, and methane). The small internal volume of the MEMS-based µTCD in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">Agilent 990 Micro GC</a> means that lower detection levels can be achieved when compared to regular TCDs, allowing for detection of contaminants in the single-digit ppm range. Note that ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde can also be detected with Micro GC; however, additional/different columns might be required. Sensitivity requirements below 1 ppm may require alternate techniques.<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4>The method developed covers permanent gases defined in SAE J2719, and by default, also ISO 14687, ISO 19880‑8, and EN 17124. The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=990+Micro+GC">990 Micro GC</a> system was set up similar to the method described in Agilent application note 5994‑2138EN.1 A 20 m MS5A straight channel on hydrogen carrier gas was used. Table 2 lists experimental conditions for method development. A 20 m molsieve provides sufficient separation for the argon/oxygen peak pair at low-ppm concentrations.2 For best results, the column was operated at a low temperature of 30 °C. Hydrogen was used as carrier gas to completely mask the bulk hydrogen matrix peak, resulting in separation of the helium and neon baseline3 , while still allowing for a similar sensitivity as with the helium carrier. The hydrogen carrier allows helium (He), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2 ), methane (CH4 ), and even neon (Ne) to be measured at their required levels. Carbon monoxide (CO) that elutes from the molsieve column is not part of the scope. SAE J2719 requires these to be measured at the sub-ppm level, which is too low for Micro GC. Table 3 lists the composition of calibration gas used. The system was calibrated using single‑point calibration.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The Agilent 990 Micro GC setup, described with a single 20&nbsp;m straight molsieve column running hydrogen carrier gas is capable of meeting the hydrogen quality requirement in SAE J2719 and other comparable UHP hydrogen methods for select permanent gases (He, Ar, O2, N2, CH4 ). The critical component, oxygen, can reliably be measured below the required five ppm level. Precision and accuracy are excellent for all components, and with a short runtime of five&nbsp;minutes, this analytical option can deliver 10–12 runs per hour. Detection of other components listed in SAE J2719, i.e.&nbsp;ammonia or CO/CO2 , will require different equipment.<h3>2. BaySpec: Detecting Toxins on Cannabis Leaves with Portable Miniature Mass Spectrometer</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Bay_Spec_App_Note_Toxin_Detection_on_Cannabis_Leaves_with_Portability_Mass_Spectrometer_b15213c47e.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Mass spectrometry in connection with different separa‐ tion techniques currently represents the main analytical approach for determination of residual pesticides in the Food &amp; Agriculture industry. Traditionally, samples need to be collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis using techniques such as GC‐MS or HPLC‐MS, which are costly and time‐consuming. In addition, the conventional mass spectrometer usually requires laborious sample pre‐ treatment, which does not allow for immediate in‐situ sample determination.Presented in this application note are data from a ther‐ mal desorption electrospray ionization (TD‐ESI) or atmso‐ pheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source coupled to a portable mass spectrometer for toxin screening of cannabis leaves.&nbsp;&nbsp;Bayspec’s <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/2219">Portability mass spectrometer</a> is less than 10 kg, highly portable, and battery‐operated.&nbsp;&nbsp;Its linear ion trap mass analyzer can perform fast in‐field detection of analytes, including residual toxins, by direct sampling of the surfaces of fresh food and plant products without any sample pre‐treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this study, BaySpec’s sampling probe was used to directly swab the surface of cannabis leaves and inserted into the TD‐ESI or APCI sample inlet system for real time analysis. Four different samples were studied:&nbsp;<ul><li>Fresh cannabis leaves&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with PBO&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with myclobutanil&nbsp;</li><li>Fresh cannabis leaves sprayed with paraquat</li></ul>All sprayed samples were air‐dried prior to screening.&nbsp;&nbsp;No sample preparation was done to test the leaves.&nbsp;&nbsp;Both TD‐ ESI and APCI ionization methods tested positive for THC and toxins where applicable.&nbsp;&nbsp;See Figure 3 for recorded spectra.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Due to short analysis times (1‐5 seconds per sample), this technique allows for fast screening for applications in food and environmental safety. MS (as well as MS/MS) analyses can be performed on surface‐residual toxins at parts per billion levels.&nbsp; &nbsp; The TD‐ESI ion source with PortabilityTM miniature mass spectrometer is available from BaySpec.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This system does not require any add‐ itional support, external po‐ wer or gases. The simple in‐ tuitive software interface is operated by touch screen and makes the instrument ex‐ tremely easy to control. The external TD‐ESI source is fully integrated into the main software environment and the turn‐key system is user‐ friendly, does not require excessive training, and can be operated by persons with no previous mass spectrometry experiences<h3>3. Metrohm: Monitoring phosphate reactions in real time with Raman spectroscopy</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_rs_054_download_d034c2ebb5.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>CURRENT METHODES FOR REACTION ANALYSIS</h4>Titration is highly effective for quantifying phosphate and sulfate species to determine reaction completion and final product composition in fertilizers. Gravimetric analysis is used to quantify insoluble byproducts like gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Both techniques require sample collection, hazardous reagents, and manual processing – all of which introduce time delays and incur costs with every measurement. This Application Note describes how Raman spectroscopy was used as an alternative method to monitor a simplified phosphate fertilizer production process under laboratory conditions.&nbsp;<h4>METHOD</h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=220&amp;search=+i-Raman">Raman spectroscopy</a> is well suited to monitor phosphate species due to its high selectivity and nondestructive nature. Furthermore, it can simultaneously detect sulfate ions, enabling real-time analysis of multi-component reaction systems. In this study, dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4, hereafter referred to as DCP) is used as a model compound for phosphate rock. In a 100 mL beaker, 500 mg of DCP was dissolved in 10 mL of 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) (Equation 1). To simulate industrial reaction conditions and introduce sulfate ions, 0.25 mL of 1.0 mol/L sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was then added. The use of low-concentration HCl ensures safe handling and facilitates clear identification of the sulfate (SO42−) Raman peak.<h4>CONCLUSION</h4>Raman spectroscopy proved to be an effective tool for monitoring a phosphate fertilizer production process, providing clear insights into phosphate speciation, sulfate concentration, and precipitation dynamics. Raman spectral changes revealed transitions in phosphate protonation states and the formation of calcium-based precipitates. These capabilities support enhanced process control and product quality in phosphate fertilizer manufacturing.

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The International Symposium on Chromatography (ISC) represents the oldest conference series focussing on separation science. ISC symposia have been organised since 1956 in each even year. ISC is internationally recognised as one of the premier meeting series for discussion of all modes of chromatography and separation science with a broad coverage of techniques and applications.

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CTC CombiPAL XT (LIQ, HS, SPME) (Refurbished)

The CTC CombiPAL XT is an advanced, multifunctional autosampler designed to support various injection techniques, including Liquid Injection (LIQ), Headspace (HS), and Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME). Engineered for precision and versatility, the CombiPAL XT enhances productivity across multiple applications, from environmental analysis to pharmaceuticals and food safety.

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News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 04, 2026

Why are my recoveries greater than 100%?

ISC 2026 - Registration and Abstract Submission Open!