<ul>
<li>🎤 Presenter: Petr Vozka (California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA)</li>
<li>💾 <a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/P_Vozka_MDCW_3801260112/P.-Vozka-MDCW.pdf">Presentation in PDF</a></li>
<li>📁 LabRulezGCMS profile: <a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/companies/219">Complex Chemical Composition Analysis Lab (C³AL)</a></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
💡 Book in your calendar: <a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/events/436">15th Multidimensional Chromatography Workshop (MDCW) January 2024</a>
</blockquote>
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/15th_Multidimensional_Chromatography_MDC_Workshop_Main_Banner_45f9ba053d/15th-Multidimensional-Chromatography-(MDC)-Workshop-Main-Banner.jpg" alt="15th Multidimensional Chromatography (MDC) Workshop 2024"/>
<h3>Abstract</h3>
<a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?instrumentationItems=2">Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography</a> (GC×GC) has become the state-of-the-art instrument for qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile and semi-volatile complex mixtures and has emerged as a powerful separation tool for studying:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?categoryItems=1&amp;instrumentationItems=2">environmental samples</a></li>
<li><a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?categoryItems=4&amp;instrumentationItems=2">petroleum fractions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?instrumentationItems=2&amp;search=POPs">persistent organic pollutants</a></li>
<li><a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?instrumentationItems=2&amp;search=drugs">drugs</a></li>
<li>and many more...</li>
</ul>
In the past 60 years, plastic waste has increased exponentially, while only 9% of plastic waste has been recycled and 12% incinerated. The remaining 79% (about 6 billion tons) of plastic waste has accumulated in landfills or oceans, where they slowly degrade and release microplastics and other toxic chemicals into the environment. To reduce the amount of plastic waste, conversion methods such as pyrolysis and hydrothermal processing are used to make oils, which can be further used to produce alternative fuels. These fuels have an alkene (olefin) content of up to 50 wt.%. Unfortunately, there are currently no methods for detailed quantitation of olefins in such concentrations.
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/MDCW_Petr_Vozka_Chemical_conversion_of_plastic_waste_into_fuels_7d93807821/MDCW-Petr-Vozka-Chemical-conversion-of-plastic-waste-into-fuels.jpg" alt="MDCW/Petr Vozka: Chemical conversion of plastic waste into fuels"/>
This talk aims to introduce a novel method applicable for the characterization and quantitation of aliphatic olefins in complex oils from plastic depolymerization, alternative, and petroleum-based fuels using GC×GC with a flame ionization detector. The talk also introduces teaching strategies for GC×GC technique inclusion to the laboratory portion of class syllabi.
<blockquote>
💡 The Multidimensional Chromatography Workshop (MDCW) <a href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/companies/218">Profile LabRulezGCMS (EN)</a>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
💡 The Multidimensional Chromatography Workshop (MDCW) <a href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/companies/218">Profile LabRulezLCMS (EN)</a>
</blockquote>
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/MDCW_Petr_Vozka_GC_GC_Training_Research_Facility_d25fe9ffe8/MDCW-Petr-Vozka-GCGC-Training-Research-Facility.jpg" alt="MDCW/Petr Vozka: GC×GC Training/Research Facility"/>
<h3>Presentation content</h3>
<ul>
<li>Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC)
<ul>
<li>Introdction</li>
<li>GC×GC Chromatogram</li>
<li>Diagram of a GC×GC Instrument</li>
<li>How GC×GC is achieved</li>
<li>Modulation</li>
<li>GC×GC Chromatogram</li>
<li>GC×GC Classification</li>
<li>Quantitative results (some)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Quantitative Analysis of Aliphatic Olefins in Fuels made from Plastic Waste by GC×GC
<ul>
<li>Detailed Analysis of Complex Chemical Mixtures</li>
<li>Plastic Waste in Oceans</li>
<li>Plastic Waste -Landfill</li>
<li>The growing plastic waste problem</li>
<li>Chemical conversion of plastic waste into fuels</li>
<li>DMDS Derivatization</li>
<li>Calculations</li>
<li>Results</li>
<li>Validation</li>
<li>Methods -disadvantages</li>
<li>Chromatogram –diesel-like sample pre-derivatization</li>
<li>Chromatogram –diesel-like sample post-derivatization</li>
<li>Future work</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GC×GC in Academia/Teaching
<ul>
<li>Course: Analytical Separations and Mass Spectrometry</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/MDCW_Petr_Vozka_Diagram_of_a_GC_GC_Instrument_6a8ed03c86/MDCW-Petr-Vozka-Diagram-of-a-GCGC-Instrument.jpg" alt="MDCW/Petr Vozka: Diagram of a GC×GC Instrument"/>
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/MDCW_Petr_Vozka_How_GC_GC_is_achieved_4678d7bc6f/MDCW-Petr-Vozka-How-GCGC-is-achieved.jpg" alt="MDCW/Petr Vozka: How GC×GC is achieved"/>
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/MDCW_Petr_Vozka_GC_GC_Classification_62e9991a8b/MDCW-Petr-Vozka-GCGC-Classification.jpg" alt="MDCW/Petr Vozka: GC×GC Classification"/>

Quantitative Analysis of Aliphatic Olefins in Fuels made from Plastic Waste by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (Petr Vozka, MDCW 2023)

Plastics and microplastics are all around us. They appeared in the 1950s and have become part of our everyday reality. We build with plastic, wear it, transport in it, and wrap our food in it. However, more and more questions are arising about this material with many practical properties. Microplastics are found practically everywhere; in water, soil, and air. But how do microplastics actually interact with the human body? What impact do they have on our environment and our health? Is it true that they penetrate places like the brain or placenta? And if so, what does that actually mean? Just like elsewhere in the world, these and many other questions related to plastics occupy the minds of many scientists in the Czech Republic, including one directly at the RECETOX center.Ondřej Adamovský is an environmental toxicologist who has long been involved in the issue of plastics and microplastics at the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/companies/19">RECETOX center</a>. Although his research scope is broader, he is currently focusing primarily on developing new methods within the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/companies/36">CEITEC VUT</a>, University of Ljubljana, and Technical University of Vienna <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://planterastics.fkkt.uni-lj.si/plastsensing/">consortium</a> to unequivocally prove the presence of microplastics in the human body and organisms. Despite the hundreds of articles published annually warning about microplastics, a&nbsp;serious method to truly prove their presence in the human body is still lacking.“Scientific articles that are now widely appearing and reporting that microplastics have been found in lungs, placenta, brain, or penises raise the question of how they could have gotten there. Unlike chemical substances, which are soluble, microplastics are solid particles, and those above a&nbsp;certain size cannot pass through biological barriers and move within the body. From this perspective, our current project is very beneficial because the newly developed methods for detecting microplastics will provide very precise information about what sizes and types of microplastics are capable of migrating within the human body,” explains Ondřej Adamovský.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/RECETOX_Mikroplasty_jako_castice_jsou_stale_otevrene_tema_nicmene_rizika_spojena_s_jejich_aditivy_zname_rika_environmentalni_toxikolog_Ondrej_Adamovsky_8a41ab5c09.jpg" alt="RECETOX: Microplastics as particles are still an open topic, but the risks associated with their additives are known, says environmental toxicologist Ondřej Adamovský" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_RECETOX_Mikroplasty_jako_castice_jsou_stale_otevrene_tema_nicmene_rizika_spojena_s_jejich_aditivy_zname_rika_environmentalni_toxikolog_Ondrej_Adamovsky_8a41ab5c09.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1200" height="800">The ability of particles to migrate through tissues raises the most questions. While the conclusions of scientific articles pointing out the findings of microplastics in the lungs, where microplastics can get, for example, by inhalation from the surrounding environment, are quite logical, the findings of microplastics in internal organs (brain, penises, or placentas) require a&nbsp;great deal of scientific scrutiny.“These studies are scientifically questionable and need to be read in detail. Specifically, in a&nbsp;recent, media-friendly study that found microplastics in penis biopsies, it is stated that microplastics in the tissue can be one hundred to five hundred micrometers in size, which is basically the size of a&nbsp;grain of sand. The claim that solid particles of this size could pass through the digestive tract, overcome biological barriers into the blood, and accumulate somewhere is absolutely excluded and scientifically questionable,” says Adamovský.How is this possible then? The most likely explanation for the presence of microplastics in the samples is secondary contamination. Given that microplastics are all around us, they most likely got into the samples simply during handling. For example, the mentioned research on the presence of microplastics in various human organs takes place in several locations, from the operating room, the sample processing site, to the place where the analyses are performed. Even though these are always clean rooms, microplastics are ubiquitous, and the fact that microplastics are also part of dust contributes to contamination.“In the case of the study with placentas, the mechanism of unintended contamination may be similar. The placenta is delivered, then taken somewhere, samples are cut from it, and if proper procedural steps and controls are not in place, it is impossible to say that the plastic comes directly from the organ and did not get into the sample later,” explains Adamovský.The new method that the scientist is now working on with a&nbsp;team of other researchers is instead based on the use of computer tomography, which works with intact tissues. Therefore, it is not necessary to disrupt or interfere with them in any way for their examination, thus minimizing the risk of secondary contamination. Based on in vivo models, scientists will look at what microplastics, what sizes, and in what places can be deposited in the organism. The larger vision is then to use human samples and analyze microplastics in tissues through biopsy. According to Adamovský, only then will we have truly indisputable proof that microplastics can move across tissues and subsequently accumulate in them.“Another problem with articles and reports is that despite the enormous amount of histopathological observations made since the 1950s, doctors have not found microplastics anywhere. Ten, twenty, fifty, or one hundred micrometers, these are large plastics visible under a&nbsp;microscope. However, no one has ever recorded them during observations, which is strange. This fact suggests that the articles are not well done, and until someone provides a&nbsp;methodology, like the one we are currently working on, all other research is very easily questionable,” claims Adamovský.Although it seems there is not much to worry about yet, monitoring the risks associated with microplastics is more than essential. If their presence in human tissues is indeed proven, it will be necessary to further investigate their effects on human health. The issue of plastics also has another dimension, which is their chemical composition.“It can be said that microplastics as particles are still an open and researched topic, but plastic additives, i.e., the chemical substances contained in them, have been tested for a long time, and their risks are known. For example, the group of phthalates1, which we also studied here at RECETOX, was found to be so dangerous that they were globally banned in 2022,” adds Adamovský.Fortunately, legislation in the context of microplastics is progressing. Over the past five years, the European Union has issued regulations banning the use of microplastics in cosmetic products or consumer products, which will help reduce their emissions into the environment2.“Microplastics have already disappeared, for example, from shampoos, where they were added as exfoliants, and certain types of plastics were also used in mascaras or cosmetic fillers. Compared to the United States, this measure came later, but it is more thorough, as it will also apply to so-called leave-on cosmetics, such as sunscreens or cleansing facial gels, which is not the case in America,” explains Adamovský.<div style="text-align:left;"><div><div><div><div id="cib-chat-main"><div><div aria-description="" aria-label="Sent by Copilot: Here is the translation:

**Even smaller particles, but an even bigger problem, are nanoplastics. These plastic particles are so small that no visual technique can capture them. Therefore, their study is challenging, and very little is known about nanoplastics so far.**

**&quot;Detection methods are very poor, they basically do not exist. So far, we know that nanoplastics, unlike microplastics, can pass through biological barriers, but the question is what they can cause. There are initial studies showing that nanoplastics can induce pro-inflammatory states,&quot; warns Adamovský.**

**The overarching root problem of microplastics and nanoplastics is, first and foremost, plastics themselves. As the name suggests, microplastics are formed during their degradation. In practice, these particles get into soils, for example, by the breakdown of protective plastic films used to protect agricultural areas against weeds or water evaporation. Another significant area where microplastics are released through degradation is food production and packaging.**

**&quot;Ninety percent of all packaging materials are plastics. It doesn't matter whether we take yogurt, meat, or vegetables, if they are in plastic packaging, microplastics will also be present in them. However, they do not only get into them from the packaging. The food production process almost always involves a&nbsp;phase where plastic is used, whether it is plastic pipes, containers, or another part of the production. Microplastics thus penetrate products primarily during production, and so we find them even in beverages in glass bottles, aluminum packaging, salt, oils, or honey. There is no large-scale production that can do without the use of plastic components,&quot; describes Adamovský.**

If you need any further assistance, feel free to ask! 😊"><div><div>Even smaller particles, but an even bigger problem, are nanoplastics. These plastic particles are so small that no visual technique can capture them. Therefore, their study is challenging, and very little is known about nanoplastics so far.“Detection methods are very poor, they basically do not exist. So far, we know that nanoplastics, unlike microplastics, can pass through biological barriers, but the question is what they can cause. There are initial studies showing that nanoplastics can induce pro-inflammatory states,” warns Adamovský.The overarching root problem of microplastics and nanoplastics is, first and foremost, plastics themselves. As the name suggests, microplastics are formed during their degradation. In practice, these particles get into soils, for example, by the breakdown of protective plastic films used to protect agricultural areas against weeds or water evaporation. Another significant area where microplastics are released through degradation is food production and packaging.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/RECETOX_Ondrej_Adamovsky_CELSPAC_Setkani_generaci_na_Festivalu_vedy_de415019b9.jpg" alt="RECETOX: Ondřej Adamovský (CELSPAC Meeting of generations at the Science Festival)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_RECETOX_Ondrej_Adamovsky_CELSPAC_Setkani_generaci_na_Festivalu_vedy_de415019b9.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="1001">“Ninety percent of all packaging materials are plastics. It doesn’t matter whether we take yogurt, meat, or vegetables, if they are in plastic packaging, microplastics will also be present in them. However, they do not only get into them from the packaging. The food production process almost always involves a&nbsp;phase where plastic is used, whether it is plastic pipes, containers, or another part of the production. Microplastics thus penetrate products primarily during production, and so we find them even in beverages in glass bottles, aluminum packaging, salt, oils, or honey. There is no large-scale production that can do without the use of plastic components,” describes Adamovský.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="text-align:left;"><div>For plastics in their versatile use today, there is no sufficient alternative. However, there are ways to at least mitigate their impact. One proposed measure is the unification of the allowed composition of plastics. This would allow plastics to be returned to the economic cycle, i.e., recycled.“Currently, each plastic is completely different and full of various additives. You can’t even combine two plastic cups from different brands; it’s an unidentifiable mix used only by specific manufacturers. This is why plastic packaging is recycled into building materials3, but this type of product is permanent and does not return to the circular economy,” explains Adamovský.The Czech Republic is also looking for ways to improve the dire situation with plastics. A&nbsp;team of researchers, with whom Ondřej Adamovský is now seeking new methods for detecting microplastics, has commented on the Global Plastics Treaty for the Ministry of the Environment. This treaty should help with the current one-way flow of plastics that end up in waste without the possibility of recycling.“Currently, mainly PET bottles are recycled because they have no additives; they are more or less the same. This is a&nbsp;big exception; most other plastics are usually burned. This treaty aims to ensure that the vast majority of plastics somehow return to circulation and become part of the circular economy. We can contribute to treaties related to plastics with our expertise, specifically an overview of the bioactivities of chemicals contained in plastics,” explains Adamovský.What is currently missing at the level of political negotiations in the Czech Republic is a&nbsp;foundation or association that would create a&nbsp;counterbalance to the industry in discussions about national implementations. An example of such good practice could be the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/">Food Packaging Forum.</a></div></div><div><div><div>“The Food Packaging Forum is an entity that the government can turn to for verifying information or consulting on planned measures. They are capable of gathering scientific evidence or data that is publicly available and drawing clear and substantiated conclusions from it. Global treaties are generally very broad, and their implementation is entirely up to the governments of individual states. This kind of support is currently missing in the Czech Republic, and that is a&nbsp;shame,” summarizes Adamovský.</div></div></div></div>

Microplastics as particles are still an open topic, but the risks associated with their additives are known, says environmental toxicologist Ondřej Adamovský

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RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment) is an independent department of the Faculty of Science of Masaryk University in Brno, which has been established in 1983. RECETOX is focused on the research and education in cross-cutting area of Environment and Health. It addresses interactions among chemicals, environment, and biological systems, including consequences at local, regional, and global levels.

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Microplastics as particles are still an open topic, but the risks associated with their additives are known, says environmental toxicologist Ondřej Adamovský

Quantitative Analysis of Aliphatic Olefins in Fuels made from Plastic Waste by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (Petr Vozka, MDCW 2023)

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