Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have transformed energy storage technology, driving innovations for products we use in everyday life such as smartphones and even electric vehicles. But what makes these batteries so efficient? A key component is the electrolyte solution, a complex mix that’s crucial for battery performance. GC-MS or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an essential tool in analyzing these electrolyte mixtures and the development of increased efficiency and longer-lasting batteries.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1024/551;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrifying_Insights_How_GC_MS_is_Powering_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Analysis_29d144ea28.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Electrifying Insights: How GC-MS is Powering Lithium-Ion Battery Analysis." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrifying_Insights_How_GC_MS_is_Powering_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Analysis_29d144ea28.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="551"></figure><h4>Why Analyze Electrolytes?</h4>Electrolyte solutions are the essence of lithium-ion batteries, impacting:<ul><li>Performance: The right mix ensures faster charging and longer battery life.</li><li>Safety: Accurate composition prevents overheating and potential hazards.</li><li>Lifespan: Understanding degradation helps design components that last longer.</li></ul>Getting the electrolyte mix right is vital for efficient, safe, and durable batteries.However, analyzing electrolytes is complex and comes with a number of challenges:<ol><li>Complex Mixture: Electrolytes consist of various organic solvents, additives, and degradation products. This complexity requires sophisticated technology to separate and identify components.</li><li>Heat Sensitivity: Components like LiPF6 can degrade at high temperatures, creating new compounds that complicate analysis.</li><li>Trace Additives: Some additives are present in low concentrations but play a critical role in battery performance. Detecting these components demands highly sensitive methods.</li><li>Degradation Products: Battery cycling produces byproducts that can interfere with the main components. It’s like trying to find a book in a disorganized library.</li></ol>This is where GC-MS becomes an essential analytical tool. This powerful technique provides a detailed look into the composition of LIB electrolytes. The analysis follows a number of steps:<ul><li>Sample Prep: LIB electrolyte samples are diluted in dichloromethane and centrifuged to remove interfering salts.</li><li>GC Separation: Samples are run through a gas chromatograph which uses a programmed temperature ramp ensures all components are separated within a 23-minute window.</li><li>MS detection: After separation, the mass spectrometer operating in full scan and selected ion monitoring (SIM) provides detailed qualitative and quantitative data.</li></ul>Figure 1 shows the difference in selectivity between full scan and SIM mode. Vinylene carbonate is not detected in full scan at a 1 to 500 dilution due to the lack of selectivity and interference in full scan acquisition. However, by using SIM the ions of interest are isolated in the quadrupole increasing selectivity and allowing vinylene carbonate to be quantified at a low level.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:881/694;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrifying_Insights_How_GC_MS_is_Powering_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Analysis_Figure_1_Full_scan_and_SIM_acquisition_of_vinylene_carbonate_in_cycled_LIB_electrolyte_at_1_500_dilution_6803793369.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Figure 1. Full scan and SIM acquisition of vinylene carbonate in cycled LIB electrolyte at 1:500 dilution." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Electrifying_Insights_How_GC_MS_is_Powering_Lithium_Ion_Battery_Analysis_Figure_1_Full_scan_and_SIM_acquisition_of_vinylene_carbonate_in_cycled_LIB_electrolyte_at_1_500_dilution_6803793369.jpg 198w," sizes="100vw" width="881" height="694"></figure>GC-MS brings several advantages to electrolyte analysis:<ul><li>Precise Separation: Achieves excellent separation of multiple components, ensuring accurate readings without co-elution issues.</li><li>High Sensitivity: Detects even trace amounts of additives—down to 0.021 mg/L.</li><li>Broad Range: Handles a wide concentration range, analyzing both major and minor components in one go.</li><li>Degradation Insights: Reveals compositional shifts in cycled electrolytes, providing clues about the aging process of batteries.</li></ul><div><div><h4>Why this analysis is important?</h4>Understanding the detailed composition and changes in LIB electrolytes is crucial. It helps researchers and manufacturers fine-tune battery designs for enhanced performance, safety, and durability. While the analysis can be complex, the insights gained are invaluable.So next time you charge your device remember the sophisticated science behind that battery. Tools like GC-MS are enabling battery technological advances to be made, ensuring the future of battery technology.<blockquote>For full details on this analysis<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_001124_gc_ms_isq_7610_li_battery_electrolyte_an001124_na_en_4df8612386/an-001124-gc-ms-isq-7610-li-battery-electrolyte-an001124-na-en.pdf">&nbsp;</a><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="read the full application note. - open in a new tab" data-uw-rm-ext-link="" uw-rm-external-link-id="https://assets.thermofisher.com/tfs-assets/cmd/application-notes/an-001124-gc-ms-isq-7610-li-battery-electrolyte-an001124-na-en.pdf$readthefullapplicationnote."><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_001124_gc_ms_isq_7610_li_battery_electrolyte_an001124_na_en_4df8612386/an-001124-gc-ms-isq-7610-li-battery-electrolyte-an001124-na-en.pdf">read the full application note.</a></a> For further details on how GC-MS can power your analysis, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/mass-spectrometry/gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-gc-ms/gc-ms-systems/single-quadrupole-gc-ms.html">visit our website.</a><h5>Visit us on <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="LinkedIn: - open in a new tab" data-uw-rm-ext-link="" uw-rm-external-link-id="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/$linkedin:"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/">LinkedIn:</a></a> #LithiumIonBatteries #GCMS #BatteryMaterialAnalysis</h5><section><h4 data-uw-rm-heading="level" role="heading" aria-level="2">Adam Ladak</h4><div itemprop="description">Adam Ladak is the global product marketing manager for GC quadrupole mass spectrometry at Thermo Fisher, based in the UK. He started his career working in a contracting testing lab analyzing sports supplements and horse feed for prohibited substances. He has over 20 years of experience in the analytical testing industry and has worked for leading instrument manufacturers in various roles from an application specialist to a global marketing role focused on food and environmental testing. Adam is passionate about utilizing our GCMS instrumentation to meet the customer needs and solve real world problems.</div></section></blockquote></div></div>

Electrifying Insights: How GC-MS is Powering Lithium-Ion Battery Analysis

As you embark on your festive celebrations, clinking glasses filled with delightful brews, have you ever considered the meticulous science behind that perfect sip? At Creature Comforts Brewing Co., ensuring each sip of your favorite drink, be it their seasonal festive IPA or my favorite the bold Flash Cat imperial IPA, tastes just right is a year-round commitment.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_The_Joy_of_Festive_Drinks_A_Cheerful_Tale_of_Consistency_2a360b32e9.jpeg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: The Joy of Festive Drinks: A Cheerful Tale of Consistency." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_The_Joy_of_Festive_Drinks_A_Cheerful_Tale_of_Consistency_2a360b32e9.jpeg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="512">Nestled in Athens, Georgia, Creature Comforts has become a beacon of quality in the craft beer community since its inception in 2014. Their success lies not just in innovative brewing, but in an unwavering focus on consistency. For this they use an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/484">advanced Gas chromatography mass spectrometry or GC-MS system</a>. This instrument is a crucial tool in the brewery’s lab that ensures every batch of beer is consistent and meets the highest standards.At Creature Comforts, an array of tests are performed which include checking for alcohol content, pH levels, density, and microbiological tests to ensure no beer-spoiling organisms are present. Among the most critical tests is the daily check of vicinal diketones (VDKs), compounds that can impart off-flavors if not properly controlled. The GC-MS system excels at performing these tests swiftly and accurately. The GC-MS system is also utilized for experimental trials, testing how variations in ingredients or processes might affect the final product.In-house testing using such advanced equipment allows for rapid issue resolution and ensures that production rates remain high without sacrificing quality. By keeping sample handling within a controlled environment, contamination is avoided, and testing accuracy is maintained. Adding another layer of quality assurance is their sensory panel, a group of trained tasters who subject each batch to rigorous tasting sessions. This panel functions like Santa’s little helpers, making sure only the best brews make it to your holiday celebrations. Any batch that doesn’t meet their expectations is promptly held back for further adjustments.So, this festive season, as you enjoy a glass of your favorite holiday beer, take a moment to appreciate the dedication and precision that goes into each sip. Behind every beer, lies a commitment to quality and consistency that makes your celebrations a bit more special. Here’s to the craft brewers who ensure our festive drinks are always delightful, maintaining the joy and cheer of the season, one sip at a time. Happy holidays and cheers to consistent quality!<blockquote>For more insights into the dedication and science behind Creature Comforts’ brewing process, check out the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="full case study - open in a new tab" data-uw-rm-ext-link="" uw-rm-external-link-id="https://assets.thermofisher.com/tfs-assets/cmd/reference-materials/cs-000433-gc-ms-flavors-volatiles-beer-cs000433-en.pdf$fullcasestudy"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Reference-Materials/cs-000433-gc-ms-flavors-volatiles-beer-cs000433-en.pdf">full case study</a></a>.Visit our&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="LinkedIn page - open in a new tab" data-uw-rm-ext-link="" uw-rm-external-link-id="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/chromatography-&amp;-mass-spectrometry/posts/?feedview=all$linkedinpage"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/chromatography-&amp;-mass-spectrometry/posts/?feedView=all">LinkedIn page</a></a>: #GCMS #QC</blockquote><section><blockquote><h4 data-uw-rm-heading="level" role="heading" aria-level="2">Adam Ladak</h4><div itemprop="description">Adam Ladak is the global product marketing manager for GC quadrupole mass spectrometry at Thermo Fisher, based in the UK. He started his career working in a contracting testing lab analyzing sports supplements and horse feed for prohibited substances. He has over 20 years of experience in the analytical testing industry and has worked for leading instrument manufacturers in various roles from an application specialist to a global marketing role focused on food and environmental testing. Adam is passionate about utilizing our GCMS instrumentation to meet the customer needs and solve real world problems.</div></blockquote></section>

The Joy of Festive Drinks: A Cheerful Tale of Consistency

This study aims to develop an environmentally friendly analytical method for detecting organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in drinking water. It combines dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) with GC-MS/MS analysis. The NADES, composed of DL-menthol and decanoic acid, is safe, biodegradable, and cost-effective.Key experimental parameters were optimized using multivariate analysis to enhance extraction efficiency. The method demonstrated high sensitivity with LOQs as low as 0.2 ng/L and good recovery rates across various spiking levels in real water samples, proving its suitability for routine pesticide monitoring.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468">Natural deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of pesticides in drinking waters combined with GC-MS/MS detection</a></h4>Аsya Hristozova, Lorena Vidal, Miguel Ángel Aguirre, Kiril Simitchiev, Antonio Canals &nbsp;Talanta, Volume 282, 2025, 126967<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126967">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126967</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are resistant to environmental degradation and accumulate in soils and sediments, exposing humans to pesticide effects through the food chains, drinking water, and breathing [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib27">27</a>]. The Stockholm Convention (2001) classifies certain OCPs as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), prohibiting their production and use [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib28">28</a>]. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are less harmful than OCPs but have decreased usage due to their persistence and neurotoxicity [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib29">29</a>]. The negative effects of pesticides on human health can be prevented by monitoring of the food, water, and air. Hence the monitoring of low-level pesticide residues in bottled drinking water is a global concern [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib30">[30]</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib31">[31]</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib32">[32]</a>]. However, the monitoring itself requires and generates a huge amount of hazardous organic wastes with obvious harmful effects on the environment and humans. So, efforts have been made to lower the limits of detection of the target analytes by employing environmentally benign sample preparation processes such as stir bar extraction [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib33">33</a>] or dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib23">23</a>]. In this view the development of new green solvents which are aimed to reduce or fully eliminate the hazardous wastes can be regarded as very worthful.Therefore, the current research aims to develop a new and sensitive analytical method using a combination of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by vortex and using an environmentally friendly extractant (i.e., NADES: DL-menthol and decanoic acid in molar ratio 2:1) for the preconcentration of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).<h4>2. Materials and methods</h4><h5>2.2. Instrumentation, apparatus and software</h5>Experiments were performed using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=2&amp;search=GC-MS%2FMS+TSQ+9000">GC-MS/MS TSQ 9000</a> (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) with electron ionisation (EI) at 70&nbsp;eV, equipped with a triple quadrupole mass filter and Programmable Temperature Vaporising (PTV) injector. The system was operated by Excalibur software 4.1. Extract with volume of 1&nbsp;μL was injected manually with a 10&nbsp;μL glass syringe. The study was conducted utilizing a PTV glass liner with Three Baffles, 1&nbsp;mm ID, 2.75&nbsp;mm OD, 120&nbsp;mm Length (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The PTV injector was used in split mode (split ratio 50:1), starting with 65&nbsp;°C initial inlet temperature followed by gradient heating at 14.5&nbsp;°C sec−1 to 290&nbsp;°C. GC column TG-SQC 15&nbsp;m&nbsp;×&nbsp;0.25&nbsp;mm, 0.25&nbsp;μm film thickness (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was used for chromatographic separation. The oven temperature program was as follows: 120&nbsp;°C – held for 1&nbsp;min; increased at the rate of 40&nbsp;°C min−1 to 155&nbsp;°C, rating 4&nbsp;°C min−1 to 187&nbsp;°C, rating 1&nbsp;°C min−1 to 194&nbsp;°C and rating 25&nbsp;°C min−1 to a final temperature of 290&nbsp;°C and held for 10&nbsp;min. The solvent delay time and total analysis time were 2.5&nbsp;min and 31&nbsp;min, respectively. Helium (purity 99.9999 %) at a flow rate of 1.2&nbsp;mL&nbsp;min−1 was used as a carrier gas. The transfer line and the ion source temperatures were set at 250&nbsp;°C and 230&nbsp;°C, respectively.A Vortex Lab Dancer (IKA®, Germany), a centrifuge KA-1000 (Jiangsu Zhengji Instruments Co., Ltd., China), FT-IR VERTEX 70 Spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) and a pH meter with a combined glass electrode SensoDirect pH 110 (Lovibond® Water Testing, Germany) were used in the study.The software Statistica® version 14.1 (TIBCO, Santa Clara, USA) was used in the optimisation procedure and graphical visualization of the results. AGREEprep software was applied for the evaluation of the greenness metric of the developed method.<h4>3. Results and discussion</h4><h5>3.1. Assessment of the matrix effects in GC-MS/MS</h5>To the best of our knowledge, the matrix effects provoked by NADES (MNT:DA) as a matrix medium analysed by GC-MS/MS have not been previously studied. The influence of MNT:DA on the instrumental sensitivity was evaluated by measurements of two sets of 3 standard solutions (with concentrations up to 2000&nbsp;μg&nbsp;L−1 in the final solution) prepared in acetonitrile as well as in NADES (matrix-matched medium). The slopes of the calibration curves were compared according to Equation <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#fd1">(1)</a>. The standard deviations of the slopes were also assessed, and the propagated standard deviation of the corresponding slope ratios was further calculated.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#tbl1">Table 1</a> shows the derived slope ratio values, as well as the combined uncertainty. The chromatogram of the target analytes is presented on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Talanta_Volume_282_2025_126967_Fig_2_Reconstituted_ion_current_chromatogram_RTIC_of_each_target_analyte_c57d9f9bb4.jpg" alt="Talanta, Volume 282, 2025, 126967: Fig. 2. Reconstituted ion current chromatogram (RTIC) of each target analyte." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Talanta_Volume_282_2025_126967_Fig_2_Reconstituted_ion_current_chromatogram_RTIC_of_each_target_analyte_c57d9f9bb4.jpg 114w," sizes="100vw" width="1099" height="1500">The sensitivity for all target analytes increased in the tested medium of MNT:DA compared to acetonitrile. The enhancement was in the range of 27–74 % (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#tbl1">Table 1</a>), indicating a favourable effect of the MNT:DA medium during the GC-MS/MS analysis. As a general trend, it can be seen that the longer the retention time of the target analyte, the higher sensitivity is achieved using NADES as a matrix solution. A possible explanation for this “matrix-induced response enchantment effect” could be a reduction of the thermal stress when the target analytes are passing through the GC liner [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib35">35</a>,<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib36">36</a>]. Such favourable matrix impact was also seen when employing several types of liners for pesticide detection using a combination of cloud point extraction with Triton X-100 and GC-MS or GC-MS/MS [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib37">37</a>].<h5>3.2. Optimisation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction</h5>Considering the simultaneous determination of 19 target analytes (organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides) and the number of variables influencing the extraction step a multivariate study [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib38">38</a>] was used for extraction variables optimisation. This optimisation approach follows the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry [<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#bib39">39</a>] to reduce significantly the number of experiments, consumption of samples, reagents, energy and time. An approach at two steps has been used for the multivariate optimisation of the experimental factors: a Plackett-Burman design, to identify between significant and non-significant factors as a screening method followed by a central composite design (CCD) to obtain the optimal values for the significant factors. Seven factors with potential effect on DLLME were evaluated by the Plackett-Burman design: (i) sample volume (6 and 10&nbsp;mL); (ii) NADES volume (50 and 100&nbsp;μL), (iii) sample pH (5 and 7); (iv) extraction time (1 and 3&nbsp;min); (v) centrifugation speed (900 and 1300×g); (vi) centrifugation time (5 and 10&nbsp;min); and (vii) ionic strength, NaCl concentration (0 and 3 %, w v−1). <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#appsec1">Table S4</a> shows the constructed matrix of factors and their values used at each experimental run.The results derived from the Plackett-Burman design for all studied analytes are presented as registered responses (i.e., peak areas) in Table S5 and as Pareto charts of the standardised effects of the factors on Figure S1. The factors showing a significant effect on the registered peak areas of all the analytes were the NADES and the sample volumes. The other five factors have no influence on the DLLME of the studied pesticides. Taking into account the effects from the Pareto charts the following values were set for further experiments: addition of NaCl is not necessary (negative effect), centrifugation speed at 900×g (negative effect) and extraction time 3 min (positive effect). Due to practical reasons, the values of the non-significant factors centrifugation time and pH are set to 5 min (due to the temperature increase with prolonged centrifugation time) and 7 for model solutions or native pH of the analysed drinking water, respectively.Further optimisation of the NADES and sample volumes was performed by applying a central composite design (CCD). The factor values incorporated in the CCD were: (i) sample volume (5.2, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, and 10.8&nbsp;mL), and (ii) NADES volume (40, 50, 75, 100, and 110&nbsp;μL). The constructed CCD matrix is given in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#appsec1">Table S6</a> and the responses (i.e., peak areas) are shown in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#appsec1">Table S7</a>. The response surface diagrams obtained from CCD for alpha-HCH, Hexachlorobenzene, Chlorpyrifos, Aldrin, Heptachlor and p,p-DDE are shown in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#appsec1">Fig. S2</a>. It was found that the modelled functions for all studied pesticides have similar shapes – the registered peak area increases when the NADES volume is reduced and/or the sample volume is enlarged.Aiming group extraction of the pesticides further a desirability function was calculated according to Equation <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#fd2">(2)</a> and response surface optimisation was applied (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914024013468#fig3">Fig. 3</a>).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Talanta_Volume_282_2025_126967_Fig_3_Desirability_function_response_surface_diagrams_23ad6064be.jpg" alt="Talanta, Volume 282, 2025, 126967: Fig. 3. Desirability function response surface diagrams." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Talanta_Volume_282_2025_126967_Fig_3_Desirability_function_response_surface_diagrams_23ad6064be.jpg 104w," sizes="100vw" width="1003" height="1500"><h4>4. Conclusions</h4>The NADES-based-DLLME methodology was successfully combined with GC-MS/MS and was applied for the analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in bottled drinking water by direct liquid injections of the NADES extractant phase into the gas chromatographic system. The last does not deteriorate the instrumental measurements in SRM mode allowing selective determination of the target analytes. The proposed analytical method is fast and simple and meets several conceptual green principles such as the miniaturisation of sample preparation, the use of a natural solvent, and the simultaneous quantification of 19 analytes, among others. Besides, the optimisation of the method was carried out by multivariate analysis, minimizing the consumption of sample, reagents and time. The figures of merit of the developed method were evaluated. It is important to highlight that the obtained absolute recoveries for most of the studied pesticides are close to 100 %; the gain in the value of the registered signals for the target analytes in the NADES phase is larger than the volume ratio of the initial and final solution due to positive matrix effect of the DES on the GC-MS/MS system. Finally, the developed method has been successfully applied to analyse drinking water samples, showing just a partial recovery for one out of nineteen studied pesticides (i.e., p,p-DDT).

Natural deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of pesticides in drinking waters combined with GC-MS/MS detection

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