Introduction of a Search System for Contaminants in Tap Water

Significance of the Topic

Tap water may harbor diverse organic and inorganic particles, posing risks to health and infrastructure. Rapid and accurate identification of these contaminants ensures water safety and supports the maintenance of distribution systems.

Aims and Overview of the Study

This work introduces a combined analytical workflow that integrates Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) to detect, identify, and characterize tap water contaminants. A dedicated contaminant search system leveraging two tailored databases accelerates matching of unknown samples to known profiles.

Methodology and Instrumentation

The procedure employs a decision flow: visually nonmetallic or dull particles undergo FTIR analysis first, while shiny or metallic-looking samples are screened by EDX before optional FTIR follow-up. Two specialized libraries store infrared spectra and elemental profiles drawn from actual tap water contaminants and maintenance parts.

Used Instrumentation

• FTIR: IRAffinity-1 with MIRacle10 ATR accessory (diamond ATR), resolution 4.0 cm-1, 40 scans, DLATGS detector.
• EDX: EDX-800HS spectrometer with Rh X-ray tube (15–50 kV), vacuum environment, 1 mm measurement diameter, acquisition times up to 300 seconds, quantitative analysis via fundamental parameters.

Main Results and Discussion

Organic contaminant A appeared as a dull black resin fragment. FTIR spectra matched styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) discharge pipe packing containing calcium carbonate and talc. EDX confirmed the presence of Ca, Si, and Mg, corroborating the FTIR assignment. Inorganic contaminant B, a yellow powder with slight sheen, was first identified by EDX as iron oxide hydroxide (rust). FTIR also yielded a spectrum consistent with iron rust, validating the elemental analysis.

Benefits and Practical Applications

• Combined FTIR/EDX analysis enables comprehensive identification of both organic polymers (including additives) and inorganic deposits.
• Databases derived from real tap water samples improve matching accuracy and reduce false positives.
• Minimal sample preparation and small sample size (<1 mm) facilitate rapid, in-field measurements.
• Applicable across water utilities, environmental monitoring, petrochemical sectors, and food safety laboratories for QA/QC and failure investigations.

Future Trends and Opportunities for Use

Machine learning integration could automate spectrum and profile matching, expanding the contaminant library dynamically. Portable FTIR and EDX modules may enable real-time monitoring at distribution points. Extension of the approach to emerging pollutants, including microplastics and nanomaterials, represents a promising direction.

Conclusion

The combined FTIR and EDX contaminant search system offers a robust platform for rapid, reliable identification of organic and inorganic tap water contaminants. Custom spectral and elemental databases enhance analytical confidence, supporting a broad range of water quality and industrial applications.