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Determination of Hydrocarbon Group Types in Spark Ignition Fuels using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy (GC VUV)

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Summary

Significance of the Topic


The detailed characterization of hydrocarbon group types in spark ignition fuels is critical for meeting tightening regulatory limits on impurities, ensuring fuel quality, and maintaining engine performance. Traditional methods such as ASTM D6730 (GC-FID) and multi-dimensional GC are labor-intensive, require extensive instrument tuning, long run times, and complex data processing. The advent of gas chromatography coupled with vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (GC-VUV) provides a streamlined approach to PIONA analysis—paraffins, iso-paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics—in a single, rapid measurement.

Aims and Study Overview


This application note evaluates the performance of the SCION 436 GC with a benchtop VUV detector for hydrocarbon group type determination in accordance with ASTM D8071. The study encompasses analysis of reference standards (ASTM P-00800 and PIONA+ mix) and real samples including gasoline, alkylate, reformate, and racing fuel. Key objectives include demonstrating accuracy, repeatability, and operational efficiency compared to established GC methods.

Methodology


The experimental setup featured an SCION 436 GC equipped with an 8400 autosampler, S/SL injector, and VUV detector. Analytical conditions were:
  • Column: 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm capillary
  • Injection: 0.3 µL split 20:1 at 250 °C
  • Oven program: 35 °C (10 min), ramp at 7 °C/min to 200 °C
  • Carrier gas: Helium at 1 mL/min
  • Detector flow tube and transfer tube: 275 °C
  • Wavelength range: 125–240 nm
The VUV Analyze software utilized pre-programmed retention indices and relative response factors for automatic deconvolution of overlapping peaks and spectral confirmation against a built-in library.

Instrumentation


  • SCION 436 gas chromatograph
  • 8400 autosampler and S/SL injector
  • Vacuum ultraviolet spectrometer (VUV detector)
  • VUV Analyze data processing software

Main Results and Discussion


The VUV detector scanned at over 90 Hz, capturing compound-specific absorbance spectra that facilitated accurate identification without the need for full baseline resolution. Chromatograms of reference standards and fuel samples (gasoline, alkylate, racing fuel, reformate) demonstrated excellent separation and spectral deconvolution. Comparison of expected vs. measured group mass percentages for ASTM P-00800 and PIONA standards showed deviations within acceptable limits. Repeatability tests on a Supelco reformate sample (n=5 injections) yielded standard deviations well below D8071 criteria, including benzene response stability.

Benefits and Practical Applications


  • Single-measurement PIONA+ analysis including BTEX and specific oxygenates
  • Rapid run time under 35 minutes
  • Automated data processing and spectral confirmation
  • Minimal method development and tuning
  • Compliance with ASTM D8071 standards

Future Trends and Applications


Advancements may include expansion of the VUV spectral library to cover emerging biofuels and alternative energy carriers, integration with multi-dimensional GC for enhanced carbon number distribution, and deployment in on-line process monitoring for real-time quality control in refineries and blending facilities.

Conclusion


The GC-VUV system equipped with the PIONA+ analyser offers a robust, sensitive, and selective solution for hydrocarbon group type determination in spark ignition fuels. It significantly reduces analysis time and complexity compared to conventional GC methods while maintaining high accuracy and repeatability.

Reference


  • ASTM D8071 – Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrocarbon Group Types in Spark Ignition Fuels by GC-VUV
  • ASTM D6730 – Standard Test Method for Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis of Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by GC-FID
  • ASTM P-00800 – Reference Calibration Standard for PIONA Analysis

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