<h4>Are you looking forward to the holidays and a lot of cozy evenings with fairy lights?</h4>A recent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bund.net/themen/aktuelles/detail-aktuelles/news/partyartikel-voller-verbotener-schadstoffe-bund-test-findet-schadstoffe-in-produkten-von-shein-temu-und-aliexpress/">product test</a> in Germany revealed that “Fairy Lights” sold on online contained alarming levels of toxic chemicals — phthalate plasticizers at 70× the legal limit and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) at 150× the allowable concentration. These findings shine a harsh light on a growing problem: hazardous substances in high volume consumer goods.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_When_Fairy_Lights_Turn_Toxic_The_Hidden_Hazard_of_Chlorinated_Paraffins_69ebcbc0b4.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: When “Fairy Lights” Turn Toxic - The Hidden Hazard of Chlorinated Paraffins" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_When_Fairy_Lights_Turn_Toxic_The_Hidden_Hazard_of_Chlorinated_Paraffins_69ebcbc0b4.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1200" height="600"><h4>What are chlorinated paraffins?</h4>Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a group of complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes, used as plasticizers, flame retardants, and lubricants in products like cables, plastics, and textiles. They’re categorized by chain length:<ul><li>SCCPs (C10–13): Short-chain, highly toxic and persistent</li><li>MCCPs (C14–17): Medium-chain, still environmentally concerning</li><li>LCCPs (C&gt;17): Long-chain, less studied but still regulated</li></ul><h4>Why SCCPs are dangerous</h4>SCCPs are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention, meaning they do not easily break down in the environment. They bioaccumulate in wildlife and humans and are linked to liver, kidney, and thyroid toxicity. Their use in consumer products in the EU is restricted above 0.15% by weight.The online available fairy lights exceeding this limit by 150 times is not just a compliance failure — it’s a public health concern.<h4>A wake-up call for online shoppers</h4>Certain platforms have faced growing scrutiny for selling products with banned chemicals. This latest case suggests that electrical and decorative goods are no exception. Consumers often associate danger with food or cosmetics, but even everyday items like light chains can carry hidden risks.<h4>Moving forward: testing and transparency</h4>Modern analytical methods — such as DIN EN ISO 12010:2019, using GC-MS with negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) — allow laboratories to detect SCCPs even at trace levels.Ultimately, preventing future scandals depends on better chemical testing, supply chain transparency, and consumer awareness.<h4>The analytical challenge</h4>Determining SCCPs in environmental and industrial samples is far from simple. These compounds occur in diverse matrices — from water and soil to leather and plastics — and their analysis requires careful sample preparation. The DIN EN ISO 12010:2019 method outlines the use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) for accurate SCCP detection.However, traditional workflows can be time-consuming and error-prone, often involving manual data export to external software like Excel, multiple processing steps, and complex calibrations based on multi-linear regression.<h4>A smarter workflow</h4>We have addressed these bottlenecks with a fully integrated GC-MS solution:<ul><li>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/483">TRACE 1600 Gas Chromatograph</a> paired with the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/484">ISQ 7610 Single Quadrupole GC-MS System</a></li><li>Innovative Vacuum Probe Interlock (VPI) technology, allowing ion source exchange in just 10 minutes without venting the system</li><li>Seamless data handling and reporting through <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Chromeleon Chromatography Data System (CDS) software</a></li></ul>This plug-and-play workflow eliminates the need to move data between programs, ensuring secure, automated, and reproducible quantification while saving up to two hours per sequence.<h4>Towards automation and data integrity</h4>The “holy grail” of CP analysis is a one-stop software solution that integrates acquisition, quantitation, and reporting — improving both data quality and laboratory productivity. By combining state-of-the-art instrumentation with smart software, laboratories can stay ahead in regulatory compliance, environmental monitoring, and industrial quality control.<h4>Reference links:</h4><ul><li>Analyte Guru blog on the automated workflow for CPs: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/do-your-data-treatment-for-chlorinated-paraffins/">Perform Data Treatment for Chlorinated Paraffins in 10 Seconds?</a></li><li>High resolution GC Orbitrap MS for CPs: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ar_gc_ms_chlorinated_paraffins_lcgc_0917_en_108fcda767/ar-gc-ms-chlorinated-paraffins-lcgc-0917-en.pdf">Orbitrap GC-MS: An Opportunity to Help Address the Challenges of Chlorinated Paraffins Analysis</a></li><li>High resolution GC Orbitrap MS for CPs: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/paper/TN-10539-GC-MS-SCCP-HRAM-Orbitrap-TN10539-EN.pdf">A novel high resolution accurate mass Orbitrap-based GC-MS platform for routine analysis of Short Chained Chlorinated Paraffins</a></li><li>Watch this webinar on demand to see how the software solution works: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinar/5749">Complete GC-MS workflow for the analysis of chlorinated paraffins</a></li></ul><blockquote><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/chromatography-&amp;-mass-spectrometry/">Visit us on LinkedIn</a>: #ChlorinatedParaffins #GC/MS #ConsumerProducts #SoftwareSolutionPetra GerhardsPetra Gerhards, Dipl-Ing, is Regional Marketing Manager of GC and GC-MS for EMEA at Thermo Fisher Scientific. She has more than 29 years of experience in the fields of GC-MS, SPE and LC-MS. Since joining the regional team she has contributed to workflow solutions combining vials and closures with SPE solutions, GC-MS and LC-MS. She works with KOL's on data for regional specific marketing campaigns, organizes in-house seminars and works on customer specific solutions. Her main expertise is in the field of doping and drugs-of-abuse analysis.</blockquote>

When “Fairy Lights” Turn Toxic: The Hidden Hazard of Chlorinated Paraffins

Accurate calibration is a fundamental requirement in chromatography data processing, ensuring reliable quantitative results across compounds, samples, and analytical runs. The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/999">Clarity Chromatography Software</a> suite provides a dedicated Calibration Window, designed to facilitate the creation, review, and modification of calibration curves.This article offers a structured, detailed walkthrough of the Calibration Window as demonstrated in the referenced instructional video. It explains each section, tool, and workflow step to help users understand how to efficiently manage compound calibration in Clarity.<h4>1. Overview of the Calibration Window</h4>The Calibration Window is accessed from the Instrument window in Clarity. It consists of two primary functional areas:<ol><li>Compounds Tab – presenting a global summary of all compounds included in the calibration.</li><li>Compound-Specific Tabs – one tab per compound, containing detailed settings, calibration levels, and the calibration curve visualization.</li></ol>This modular layout enables both high-level overview and detailed compound-by-compound configuration.<h4>2. The Compounds Tab</h4>The Compounds Tab provides a centralized workspace for managing all compounds included in the calibration. It is divided into several clearly defined functional sections.<h5>2.1 Toolbar Functions</h5>At the top of the window, a calibration-specific toolbar offers quick access to essential actions:<ul><li>Add Compound icons (first five icons): These tools allow the user to add new compounds to the calibration table.</li><li>Level Selector: Enables switching between calibration levels displayed in the summary table.</li><li>Calibration Method Selector: Determines<ul><li>how calibration is performed (e.g., automatic vs. manual mode), and</li><li>which signal(s) will be used for the calibration.</li></ul></li><li>Calibration Options Icon: Opens detailed calibration configuration (refer to the video How to Modify the Calibration Settings for advanced options).</li></ul>These controls define the basis of how calibration data is structured and applied.<h5>2.2 Filtering and Signal Selection</h5>Users may:<ul><li>Toggle the filter to show only compounds currently used in the method.</li><li>Select the signal to be calibrated (e.g., specific detector channel).</li></ul>The selected signal determines which chromatographic data appear in the summary and which peaks can be added to the calibration.<h5>2.3 Calibration Summary Table</h5>Positioned beneath the toolbar, the summary table presents one row for each compound included in the method. Key features:<ul><li>Columns may be shown or hidden, enabling users to display only relevant parameters.</li><li>The table provides a quick overview of calibration levels, concentration values, responses, and curve status.</li></ul>This summary acts as the central point for reviewing calibration completeness and identifying compounds requiring attention.<h5>2.4 Chromatogram Display and Peak Selection</h5>The lower portion of the Compounds Tab displays:<ul><li>The chromatogram of the selected calibration standard.</li><li>Tools for selecting a specific peak to assign to the calibration.</li></ul>Users can add a peak to a compound’s calibration directly from this pane, streamlining the workflow of linking chromatographic data to calibration levels.<h4>3. Compound-Specific Tab</h4>Each compound included in the calibration has its own dedicated tab. This section allows detailed configuration and review of calibration levels and curve characteristics.<h5>3.1 Calibration Levels Table</h5>At the top of the compound tab is a table listing:<ul><li>All calibration levels for the selected compound</li><li>Corresponding concentration values</li><li>Peak responses</li><li>Status indicators for each level</li></ul>This per-compound overview helps users verify calibration consistency and identify outliers or missing data.<h5>3.2 Calibration Settings Section</h5>Below the levels table is the Settings Section, where users can fine-tune calibration behavior, including:<ul><li>Calibration model (e.g., linear, quadratic)</li><li>Weighting options</li><li>Integration parameters</li><li>Recalibration method selection</li></ul>These controls ensure the calibration accurately reflects analytical conditions and compound behavior.<h5>3.3 Calibration Curve Display</h5>On the right side of the compound tab, Clarity displays:<ul><li>The calibration curve graph, illustrating the relationship between concentration and signal response</li><li>Fitted line or curve according to selected model</li><li>Visual indicators of individual calibration points</li></ul>This graphical representation is essential for validating the quality and reliability of the calibration.<h5>3.4 Curve Parameters Overview</h5>At the bottom of the settings area, Clarity summarizes:<ul><li>Regression coefficients</li><li>Curve equation</li><li>Residual values</li><li>Model fitness indicators</li></ul>These parameters provide quantitative validation of calibration performance.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The Calibration Window in Clarity Chromatography Software offers a comprehensive, structured environment for establishing and managing compound calibrations. By combining a global overview with compound-specific tools, the system ensures precise and customizable calibration workflows suited for a wide range of analytical applications.Users can:<ul><li>Add and organize compounds</li><li>Select appropriate signals</li><li>Manage calibration levels</li><li>Configure advanced calibration models</li><li>Validate curve performance visually and numerically</li></ul>Mastering the Calibration Window enhances the accuracy, repeatability, and reliability of quantitative chromatographic results.

A Complete Guide to the Calibration Window in Clarity Chromatography Software

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 8th December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezICPMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies and Thermo Fisher Scientific and other document by Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: High-Precision Determination of Four Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Using the Agilent 8890 GC</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_monitoring_greenhouse_gas_8890_gc_5994_8744en_agilent_0e08f0909f.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Currently, China is actively implementing dual-control measures on total energy consumption and intensity. The Ministry of Ecology and Environment issued "The 14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological and Environmental Monitoring", which specifically highlights the advancement of technologies for direct measurement of carbon emissions. It calls for organizing pilot projects in multiple key industries and enterprises to monitor greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane, establishing greenhouse gas monitoring networks in key cities, and upgrading the greenhouse gas monitoring capabilities of national atmospheric background stations. As a result, conducting greenhouse gas monitoring within the environmental protection stations of provinces and cities has become a critical task.The use of GC for detecting greenhouse gases has a long history. The conventional methods used gas sampling valve for injection, TCD and FID for sequential detection of CO2 and CH4 , or combining a methanizer with an FID to detect CO2 and CH4 in one analytical channel and detecting N2O on ECD in another analytical channel.2 The analytical precision for CO2, CH4, and N2 O achieved with such configurations typically ranges from 0.2% to 0.5%, but it is difficult to obtain precision better than 0.1%, which does not meet the current requirements for greenhouse gas monitoring accuracy and precision. Moreover, the traditional methods rarely report analytical precision for SF6 at ppt concentration levels. To monitor trace levels of CO2 , CH4, N2O, and ultratrace levels of SF6 on the same GC system with high-precision results, it is necessary to optimize multiple factors included in sample injection, separation, and detection. Furthermore, the system configuration must be flexible enough to allow expansion for future analytical needs, such as incorporating trace CO analysis in air. This work demonstrates how the 8890&nbsp;GC achieves high-precision analysis of four key greenhouse gases by optimizing the injection volume, controlling injection reproducibility, and utilizing multichannel separation and high-sensitivity detectors to ensure the system runs stably in long‑term operation.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>Instrumental&nbsp;</h5>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=8890+GC">8890 GC</a> is configured as a three-channel/multivalve/multicolumn system, enabling independent analysis of four greenhouse gases—CH4 , CO2 , N2O, and SF6 —within 8 minutes using a single injection. The target compounds are analyzed in separate channels, reducing chromatographic peak broadening and thereby improving sensitivity and&nbsp;repeatability.&nbsp;<ul><li>For CO2 analysis, a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=methanizer">methanizer</a> is used to convert CO2 to CH4 , which is then detected by FID. The system eliminates the need for dehydration through backflushing and venting operation via switching valves, preventing interference from moisture and oxygen in the air and extending the lifespan of the methanizer.&nbsp;</li><li>For N2O and SF6 analysis, the ECD with hidden anode design is used for high‑sensitivity detection and strong anti‑contaminant capability.&nbsp;</li><li>The CH4 analysis is conducted on a single column with a dedicated large injection loop, significantly enhancing detection sensitivity and repeatability, achieving a detection limit for methane as low as single-digit ppb levels.</li></ul><h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Based on its exceptional pneumatic control and valve-based flow path design, the multivalve/multicolumn Agilent 8890 GC system achieves high-sensitivity and high-precision measurements of four key greenhouse gases. This is accomplished through optimized and precise control of sample flow rate/volume, selection of premium analytical columns, and the use of highly stable and robust FID and ECD. Standard gas samples of CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, and SF6 , with concentrations equivalent to atmospheric levels, were measured continuously 10 times. The measurement precision for these gases was better than 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.1%, and 0.5%, respectively, fully meeting the high-precision monitoring requirements of environmental monitoring stations at various levels for target greenhouse gases. Compared to other monitoring solutions, this approach is based on a stable and reliable gas chromatography platform that is technically easier to master and deploy. It represents a trusted solution developed by Agilent to assist in establishing a greenhouse gas monitoring network in China.<h3>2. Shimadzu: GC/MS Mass Spectra Library - Polymer Additives Library Ver.2</h3><ul><li>Other document</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/c146_e506_d4c93c4d60.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>Contains Approximately 5,800 Mass Spectra&nbsp;</h4>This library consists of a library*, which contains 5,775 mass spectra for 590 types of polymer additives and GC/MS pyrolysates from the pyrolysis GC/MS analysis of additives, and a library containing the mass spectra for 65 compounds often targeted for analysis, selected based on their usage in the commercial market, and chemical substance regulatory information. In total, this product contains 5,840 mass spectra, which provides strong support for the analysis of polymer additives. In Ver.2, the compound registration has been newly enhanced, for example vulcanizing accelerators utilized in the rubber filed. Approximately 1,000 spectra have been added.&nbsp;*ADD-MS22B F-Search Additives Library from Frontier Laboratories<h4>Can Be Used with a Variety of GC/MS Systems&nbsp;</h4>The library can be used for a variety of GC/MS applications, including pyrolysis GC/MS, which is widely used for the analysis of additives in polymer materials, and liquid sample injection GC/MS. It supports a wide range of additive analysis for customers.<h4>Library Specifications</h4><ul><li>Registered compounds: 5,775+65&nbsp;</li><li>Registered information: Mass spectrum, retention index for each analytical condition, compound name, molecular weight, compositional formula, structural formula, classification of additives</li><li>Applicable models: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=GCMS-QP2050">GCMS-QP™ serie</a>s, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=GCMS-TQ8050">GCMS-TQ™ series</a> (This library does not include MS/MS spectra.)&nbsp;</li><li>Pyrolyzer (Pyrolysis analysis system): <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=43&amp;search=PY-2020D">PY-2020D</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=43&amp;search=PY-2020iD">PY-2020iD</a>, and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=43&amp;search=EGA%2FPY-3030D">EGA/PY-3030D</a></li><li>Workstations: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=GCMSsolution">GCMSsolution</a>™ Ver. 4.6 and later, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=LabSolutions+GCMS">LabSolutions™ GCMS</a>™ Ver. 5.131 and later, LabSolutions DB/CS GCMS Ver. 6.131 and later</li></ul><h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Trace analysis of epichlorohydrin in drinking water using GC-MS coupled with purge and trap</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_003894_gc_single_quad_isq_7610_environmental_an003894_na_en_70123385ae.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is a versatile starting material in the production of drugs and polymers and is also used as an insect fumigant and solvent for organic synthesis reactions. ECH-based polymer pipes are commonly used in the production of drinking water due to their durability and resistance to corrosion. However, ECH is known for its high reactivity and toxicity, which poses significant health risks if it contaminates drinking water. Exposure to ECH can cause respiratory issues, skin irritation, and has been classified as a probable human carcinogen.1Due to these risks, many countries have imposed strict limits on the amount of ECH allowed in drinking water. Recently, Europe set a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 30 parts per trillion (ppt) for ECH in drinking water.2 Whereas typically required detection limits for most compounds mandated for analysis in Europe can be achieved using methods based on static headspace, the stringent MDL required for ECH requires preconcentration, for example using purge and trap (P&amp;T) technology.3,4 This technology involves purging the water sample with an inert gas to release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are then trapped and concentrated for analysis, ensuring reliable detection at very low concentrations. In the United States, the analysis of VOCs in drinking water is mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA requires the use of P&amp;T technology for drinking water analysis to ensure that even trace amounts of harmful compounds like ECH are detected and managed appropriately.&nbsp;The following evaluation describes the use of the ISQ 7610 Single Quadrupole MS system coupled with the Thermo Scientific™ TRACE™ 1610 GC with the Thermo Scientific™ HeSaver-H2 Safer™ split/splitless injector and Teledyne LABS Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T concentrator combined with the AQUATek LVA autosampler for the analysis of ECH in drinking water.<h4>Experimental</h4><h5>GC-MS parameters&nbsp;</h5>A <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/486">TRACE 1610 GC</a> was coupled to the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/484">ISQ 7610 MS</a> equipped with the Thermo Scientific™ NeverVent ™ vacuum probe interlock (VPI) and an ExtractaBrite ion source. A <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/1773">Thermo Scientific™ TraceGOLD™ TG-VMS column</a>, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.4 µm film (P/N 26080-3320) was used for compound separation. The HeSaver-H2 Safer SSL injector was utilized to reduce the carrier gas consumption by decoupling the gas used for the chromatographic separation from the gas used to pressurize the inlet and maintain split and purge flows. The critical separations were maintained with a run time of under 15 minutes.For this analysis, the ISQ 7610 MS was operated in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode for increased selectivity, as required for this application. Extended method parameters for the ISQ 7610 MS are shown in Table 2.<h5>Instrument control and data processing&nbsp;</h5>Data was acquired, processed, and reported using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/76">Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS)</a>. This software can control both the GC-MS system and the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T with the AQUATek LVA. This allows a single software to be utilized for the full workflow, simplifying the instrument operation. This application note is available for download via the Thermo Scientific™ AppsLab Library, which contains all the parameters needed to acquire, process, and report the analytical data for analysis of ECH.5<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This study demonstrates the capability of the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T with the AQUATek LVA system connected to the ISQ 7610 Single Quadrupole GC-MS to detect and quantify low-level ECH in drinking water samples, in compliance with EPA requirements.&nbsp;<ul><li>Utilizing the Tekmar Lumin P&amp;T’s ability to purge with nitrogen, along with using the HeSaver-H₂Safer SSL injector, nearly four times less helium was consumed during the analysis without sacrificing system performance.&nbsp;</li><li>The linearity of the calibration curve from 30 ppt to 5,000 ppt passed method requirements.</li><li>The application proved robust during an extended study with 20 samples of a 1,000 ppt ECH standard injected over a series of 124 injections, obtaining 4.4% precision and 118% accuracy of the recovery.</li></ul>

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